Industry Membership

Unknown potential, enhances CBD

CBDP, short for Cannabidiphorol, is a relatively lesser-known cannabinoid found in the cannabis plant. It is structurally similar to CBD (cannabidiol) but has a few distinct differences in its chemical composition. Like other cannabinoids, CBDP interacts with the endocannabinoid system in the human body, though its specific effects and properties are still the subject of ongoing research. Due to its limited presence in most cannabis strains and the nascent state of research, there is currently limited information available regarding CBDP’s potential therapeutic benefits or psychoactive properties. As scientists delve deeper into the intricate world of cannabinoids, CBDP is emerging as a potential candidate for further exploration and study, offering the possibility of new insights into the diverse range of compounds found within the cannabis plant.

The study conducted by Golliher et al. (2021) explores the potential of (+)-carvone to enhance the properties of (+)-ent-cannabidiol (CBD) and its derivatives. This investigation represents an innovative approach to modifying the structure of CBD and its analogs for potential therapeutic applications. The researchers focus on the synthesis of novel derivatives, specifically (+)-ent-CBDP and (+)-ent-CBDV, through an asymmetric synthesis pathway. The study reveals the ability of (+)-carvone to serve as a versatile starting material, enabling the access to unique cannabinoid derivatives. The findings highlight the potential of (+)-carvone as a tool for enhancing the chemical diversity and pharmacological properties of CBD and its analogs. This innovative approach opens up new avenues for exploring the structural modifications of CBD compounds to potentially enhance their therapeutic effects or develop new cannabinoid-based treatments.

Neurodegenerative disease, analgesic

Tetrahydrocannabiphorol, often abbreviated as THCP, is a relatively newly discovered cannabinoid found in the cannabis plant. It was first identified and isolated in research conducted in 2020, and its properties and effects are still being studied. THCP is structurally similar to delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the primary psychoactive compound in cannabis, but it is believed to be significantly more potent. Initial research suggests that THCP may have a much stronger binding affinity to the CB1 receptor in the endocannabinoid system, potentially leading to more pronounced psychoactive effects. However, due to its recent discovery, there is still much to learn about THCP, including its potential medical benefits, safety profile, and prevalence in various cannabis strains. This cannabinoid has generated considerable interest within the scientific community, and ongoing research aims to unravel its unique properties and therapeutic potential further.

The research conducted by Citti et al. (2019) unveils a novel phytocannabinoid, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabiphorol (THCP), isolated from Cannabis sativa L., and investigates its analgesic potential. This study presents a remarkable finding, demonstrating that THCP possesses an in vivo cannabimimetic activity surpassing that of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), a well-known psychoactive cannabinoid. The analysis sheds light on THCP’s interaction with the endocannabinoid system and its potential as an analgesic agent. By comparing its effects to those of THC, the study suggests that THCP could hold substantial promise as an analgesic compound, potentially exceeding the effects of THC itself. The research paves the way for a deeper exploration of THCP’s molecular mechanisms and its potential application in pain management strategies. This novel insight into the analgesic effects of THCP contributes to a broader understanding of the diverse pharmacological actions of cannabinoids and their potential therapeutic applications in pain relief.

Unknown potential, metabolite of CBD

Cannabielsoin (CBE) is a lesser-known cannabinoid found in the cannabis plant. While much of the research on cannabis has focused on cannabinoids like THC (tetrahydrocannabinol) and CBD (cannabidiol), CBE is one of the many minor cannabinoids present in the plant, contributing to its complex chemical profile. It is structurally related to both THC and CBD, and like other cannabinoids, it interacts with the endocannabinoid system in the human body. However, the specific effects and potential medical applications of CBE are not as well-studied or understood as those of THC and CBD. As research into the cannabis plant continues to expand, there is growing interest in exploring the properties and therapeutic potential of minor cannabinoids like CBE, but more research is needed to fully elucidate its effects and applications in health and medicine.

The article “Cannabielsoin as a new metabolite of cannabidiol in mammals,” authored by Ikuo Yamamoto and colleagues and published in Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior in 1991, presents a pivotal discovery regarding the metabolic transformation of cannabidiol (CBD) in mammals. The study focuses on the identification and characterization of a previously unknown metabolite, cannabielsoin (CBE), which is formed through enzymatic processes in mammalian organisms. Through comprehensive experimental approaches and analytical techniques, the researchers elucidate the metabolic pathway that leads to the formation of CBE from CBD. This discovery sheds light on the complexity of CBD metabolism and adds to the growing understanding of how CBD interacts with physiological processes within the body. The identification of CBE as a metabolite of CBD not only expands our knowledge of the compounds derived from CBD but also highlights the intricate interactions between cannabinoids and the endocannabinoid system in mammals. This seminal work contributes significantly to the field of cannabinoid research and has implications for the development of cannabinoid-based therapies and drug metabolism studies. Continuing their research, Yamamoto and colleagues wrote the article “Identification of Cannabielsoin, a new metabolite of cannabidiol formed by Guinea-pig hepatic microsomal enzymes, and its pharmacological activity in mice,” in 2008. This study delves into the enzymatic processes occurring within the guinea pig hepatic microsomal enzymes that lead to the formation of CBE. Furthermore, the researchers explore the pharmacological effects of CBE in mice, shedding light on its potential impact on the mammalian system. By investigating the pharmacological activity of CBE, this research opens new avenues for exploring the physiological effects and potential therapeutic applications of this metabolite. The study’s comprehensive approach to both the formation and potential functions of CBE contributes valuable insights to the intricate landscape of CBD metabolism and its potential implications for physiological responses in mammals.

Unknown potential

CBGL, or Cannabigerol Lactone, is not a well-known or researched cannabinoid. It is because of this that there is limited information about its medicinal properties. However, scientists have realized that it is structurally similar to the well-known cannabinoid CBG, meaning that they might share some of the same health benefits. CBG has shown potential anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, and analgesic properties, and has also shown antibacterial activity, appetite stimulating effects, and possible relief for those suffering with glaucoma. While there is still little research about CBGL right now, its important to note that research in the field of cannabinoids is continuously evolving and there may be many benefits to CBGL in the future. 

Anti-inflammatory, glioblastoma (brain cancer), dry skin, anti-hypertensive, analgesic, neuroprotective

Cannabigerol, commonly known as CBG, is one of the many chemical compounds found in the cannabis plant. It is categorized as a cannabinoid and is considered a minor constituent of the plant, typically present in lower concentrations compared to more well-known cannabinoids like THC and CBD. CBG is often referred to as the “mother cannabinoid” because it serves as a precursor to other cannabinoids during the cannabis plant’s growth cycle. While research on CBG is still in its early stages, it has garnered significant attention for its potential therapeutic properties. Some preliminary studies suggest that CBG may have anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, and analgesic effects, making it a subject of interest for various medical applications. As the understanding of cannabinoids continues to evolve, CBG’s unique properties and potential benefits are becoming increasingly prominent in the field of cannabis research and product development.

The study conducted by Gugliandolo et al. (2018) offers a valuable analysis of the neuro-protective potential of cannabigerol (CBG) using an in vitro model of neuroinflammation. Through comprehensive experimentation, the study reveals that CBG demonstrates neuro-protective effects by attenuating the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress markers. These findings suggest that CBG has the ability to modulate neuroinflammation, a process implicated in various neurological disorders. The research conducted by di Giacomo et al. (2020) used both cellular and isolated tissue models. This study delves into the effects of CBG on rat Hypo-E22 cells and isolated hypothalamus, shedding light on CBG’s ability to exert neuroprotective and neuromodulator effects. Through a thorough experimental approach, the research demonstrates that CBG treatment results in the attenuation of oxidative stress markers and the preservation of mitochondrial function in the Hypo-E22 cell line. Moreover, CBG exhibits a neuro-modulatory impact on isolated hypothalamus tissue by influencing neurotransmitter release. In the case of Huntington’s disease (HD), the study by Díaz-Alonso et al. (2016) offers a significant contribution to understanding the neuro-protective potential of cannabigerol (CBG). This research investigates the effects of VCE-003.2, a novel derivative of CBG, on neuronal progenitor cell survival and symptomatology in murine models of HD. The study reveals that VCE-003.2 treatment leads to enhanced survival of neuronal progenitor cells, a crucial factor in maintaining neuronal health and plasticity. Additionally, the research demonstrates that VCE-003.2 administration alleviates the motor deficits characteristic of HD in murine models. By elucidating CBG’s ability to enhance cell survival and ameliorate symptoms in an HD context, this study offers valuable insights into CBG’s neuro-protective effects and its potential as a therapeutic candidate for neurodegenerative disorders.

The research conducted by Burgaz et al. (2019) provides valuable insights into the anti-inflammatory effects of cannabigerol (CBG), particularly in the context of experimental Parkinson’s disease (PD). This study focuses on the development of an oral treatment with VCE-003.2, a CBG derivative with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-γ) activity, against inflammation-driven neuronal deterioration in a PD model. The findings reveal that VCE-003.2 treatment effectively mitigates inflammation-induced neuronal damage in experimental PD, highlighting its potential as an anti-inflammatory agent. The study demonstrates that the PPAR-γ-activating properties of CBG contribute to its ability to modulate inflammatory responses and protect against neuronal deterioration. Meanwhile, the study conducted by Borrelli et al. (2013) offers compelling insights into the anti-inflammatory effects of cannabigerol (CBG) in the context of experimental inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). This research focuses on the potential therapeutic benefits of CBG, a non-psychotropic cannabinoid, in ameliorating IBD-related inflammation. The findings demonstrate that CBG treatment leads to a reduction in inflammatory responses and damage in a preclinical model of IBD. These results suggest that CBG holds promise as a beneficial therapeutic agent for managing inflammatory conditions like IBD.

The research conducted by Kogan et al. (2021) provides valuable insights into the analgesic effects of cannabigerol (CBG) and its derivatives in the context of reducing inflammation and pain. This study explores the potential of novel CBG derivatives to alleviate pain and inflammation, with a focus on their therapeutic applications. The findings reveal that these CBG derivatives possess anti-inflammatory properties that are associated with reductions in pain and obesity-related symptoms. The study sheds light on the mechanisms by which CBG and its derivatives exert their analgesic effects, offering a potential avenue for the development of novel pain-relieving interventions.

The comprehensive review by Citti et al. (2018) critically examines the pharmaceutical and biomedical aspects of cannabinoids, shedding light on their potential analgesic effects. The analysis delves into the pharmacological properties of various cannabinoids, including cannabigerol (CBG), and their implications for pain management. The review synthesizes existing literature to elucidate the analgesic potential of CBG, considering its interactions with the endocannabinoid system and other molecular targets involved in pain modulation. By critically evaluating the available research, this review contributes to a deeper understanding of CBG’s mechanisms of action, its potential as an analgesic agent, and the challenges and opportunities in utilizing cannabinoids for pain relief. The comprehensive assessment of CBG’s analgesic effects presented in this study underscores the importance of further research in harnessing the therapeutic potential of cannabinoids, including CBG, in pain management strategies.

Autism, anxiety, seizures, anti-inflammatory, cancer/anti-tumor growth. insomnia, neuroprotective, antidepressant, analgesic.

Cannabidiol, commonly referred to as CBD, is one of the most well-known and extensively studied phytocannabinoids found in the cannabis plant. Unlike its more infamous counterpart, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), CBD does not induce the characteristic psychoactive effects associated with cannabis use. CBD has garnered significant attention due to its potential therapeutic properties and wide range of potential applications. It interacts with the endocannabinoid system (ECS), a complex network of receptors and signaling molecules in the human body that regulates various physiological processes, including pain perception, inflammation, mood, appetite, and immune responses. CBD’s non-intoxicating nature, coupled with its diverse potential benefits, has driven a surge of interest from both researchers and the public. It has been investigated for its potential to alleviate anxiety, manage pain, reduce inflammation, and even treat certain forms of epilepsy, leading to the approval of a CBD-based pharmaceutical for treating epilepsy in some countries. However, while CBD’s therapeutic potential is widely acknowledged, further research is needed to fully understand its mechanisms of action, optimal dosages, and potential interactions with other medications, ensuring its safe and effective use across a spectrum of health conditions.

The study conducted by Pretzsch et al. (2019) offers valuable insights into the potential benefits of using cannabidiol (CBD) for individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The research focuses on the effects of CBD on brain activity and functional connectivity, aiming to shed light on its potential therapeutic role in addressing some of the core symptoms associated with ASD. The findings suggest that CBD may have a positive impact on brain function, particularly by modulating low-frequency brain activity and enhancing functional connectivity. These alterations in brain activity could potentially translate into improvements in social interactions, communication skills, and repetitive behaviors commonly observed in individuals with ASD. The study paves the way for further exploration of CBD as a potential adjunctive treatment for ASD, potentially offering a novel avenue for addressing the complex challenges faced by individuals with this condition.  However, due to the complex and heterogeneous nature of autism, the efficacy of CBD may vary among individuals.

As one of the most well-known cannabinoids, CBD is well studied in its anti-inflammatory effects. The article by Nagarkatti et al. (2009) delves into the intricate mechanisms underlying CBD’s anti-inflammatory effects, which involve interactions with the endocannabinoid system, modulation of immune cell function, and regulation of cytokine production. Through its action on both CB1 and CB2 receptors, as well as non-cannabinoid receptor pathways, CBD appears to exhibit a complex and multifaceted impact on inflammatory processes. The article highlights preclinical and clinical evidence supporting CBD’s ability to attenuate inflammation in various disease models, including autoimmune disorders, neuroinflammatory conditions, and gastrointestinal inflammation. There are also studies about other types of inflammation CBD targets. For example, the article “Cannabidiol as an emergent therapeutic strategy for lessening the impact of inflammation on oxidative stress” offers a comprehensive analysis of CBD’s potential as an emerging therapeutic strategy for mitigating inflammation-induced oxidative stress. The article delves into the intricate interplay between inflammation and oxidative stress, emphasizing the detrimental effects of chronic inflammation on cellular health. The author highlights CBD’s multifaceted mechanisms of action, which encompass both direct and indirect interactions with various cellular pathways involved in inflammation and oxidative stress. By modulating the activity of immune cells, suppressing cytokine production, and enhancing antioxidant defenses, CBD demonstrates its potential to counteract inflammation-driven oxidative damage. The study conducted by Rajesh et al. (2007) provides an insightful analysis of the anti-inflammatory potential of CBD in the context of high glucose-induced endothelial cell inflammatory response and barrier disruption. Focusing on endothelial cells, which play a crucial role in vascular inflammation, the research explores CBD’s impact on mitigating the inflammatory response triggered by elevated glucose levels. The article demonstrates that CBD treatment effectively attenuates the inflammatory processes induced by high glucose concentrations. Through its interactions with cannabinoid receptors, CBD regulates the expression of adhesion molecules and chemokines, leading to the suppression of inflammation-associated adhesion and migration of immune cells. Moreover, CBD maintains endothelial barrier integrity by countering the disruptive effects of high glucose on tight junction proteins. This study underscores CBD’s potential to intervene in inflammatory pathways, particularly in contexts relevant to metabolic and cardiovascular disorders. By investigating CBD’s ability to counteract the detrimental effects of high glucose on endothelial cells, this research advances our understanding of its anti-inflammatory mechanisms and positions CBD as a promising therapeutic candidate for addressing inflammatory-related endothelial dysfunction. Another study about the anti-inflammatory qualities of CBD, conducted by Malfait et al. (2000), presents a noteworthy analysis of the anti-inflammatory potential of CBD as an oral therapeutic in murine collagen-induced arthritis. The article contributes valuable insights into the effects of CBD on arthritis-related inflammation, shedding light on its role in modulating the immune response and alleviating joint inflammation. Through rigorous experimentation and assessment of disease progression, the research showcases CBD’s ability to ameliorate various pathological aspects of arthritis, including synovial hyperplasia and immune cell infiltration. The study highlights CBD’s potential to downregulate pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, effectively dampening the inflammatory cascade. Furthermore, CBD’s influence on various cellular and molecular pathways, such as NF-κB signaling, is elucidated, reinforcing its anti-inflammatory properties. The findings not only demonstrate CBD’s capacity to attenuate inflammatory responses but also establish its potential as a promising oral therapeutic for arthritic conditions.

 The collective body of research on the potential anxiolytic effects of CBD presents a comprehensive and multi-dimensional understanding of its therapeutic implications. The study by Blessing et al. (2015) synthesizes a wide array of preclinical and clinical investigations to emphasize CBD’s promise as a treatment for anxiety disorders. This review underscores CBD’s anxiolytic effects across various animal models, highlighting its potential in managing conditions such as generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder. Additionally, the article delves into CBD’s influence on neural circuits associated with anxiety regulation, establishing its role in modulating serotonin and endocannabinoid systems. Shannon et al. (2019) contribute to this discourse by documenting the real-world effectiveness of CBD in managing anxiety and sleep-related issues, reinforcing the anxiolytic potential of CBD across diverse contexts. Their study offers a glimpse into the practical applications of CBD in alleviating anxiety symptoms and improving sleep quality, accentuating its value as a natural alternative for addressing anxiety-related concerns. Further contributing to the understanding of CBD’s anxiolytic properties, Schier et al. (2012) dissect the neural underpinnings of CBD’s anxiolytic effects. Through meticulous experimentation, they underscore its potential as a novel anxiolytic agent, examining its impact on social anxiety disorder and generalized anxiety disorder. The article establishes the correlation between CBD administration and reductions in both subjective and physiological markers of anxiety, elaborating on its interactions with the endocannabinoid system, serotonin receptors, and neural circuits central to anxiety regulation. In a similar vein, Crippa et al. (2011) delve into the neural basis of CBD’s effects in generalized social anxiety disorder, employing neuroimaging techniques to explore alterations in brain activity and connectivity. Their work elucidates the potential of CBD to modulate anxiety-processing neural circuitry, shedding light on its role in managing cognitive processes associated with social anxiety. Linares et al. (2019) introduce an intriguing dimension to the discourse by investigating CBD’s anxiolytic effects through a dose-response paradigm. Their study elucidates an inverted U-shaped curve, demonstrating that CBD’s optimal anxiolytic effects occur within a specific dosage range, offering insights into the dosing precision required for harnessing its anxiolytic potential effectively. Collectively, this body of research underscores CBD’s multifaceted mechanisms and therapeutic potential in alleviating anxiety-related conditions. The studies collectively contribute to the foundation of knowledge, positioning CBD as a promising candidate for the development of alternative treatments for anxiety disorders.

The treatment of epilepsy and other seizure inducing disorders has been severely changed for the better with the use of CBD. For example, the study conducted by Devinsky et al. (2016) offers a comprehensive analysis of the potential anti-seizure effects of CBD in patients with treatment-resistant epilepsy. It reports significant reductions in seizure frequency among patients receiving CBD treatment, with a notable portion experiencing a reduction of seizures by half or more. Notably, this effect was observed across different epilepsy types, including Dravet syndrome and Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, which are notoriously challenging to manage. Following his research path Devinsky et al. (2017) focused on the application of CBD in treating drug resistant seizures.  This research is of particular significance due to the challenging nature of Dravet syndrome, a severe form of epilepsy that often proves refractory to conventional treatments. The study employed a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial design, offering a robust framework for evaluating CBD’s efficacy. The results revealed a remarkable reduction in the frequency of convulsive seizures among patients receiving CBD treatment, underscoring CBD’s potential as a therapeutic option for managing drug-resistant seizures, offering hope to individuals and families facing the debilitating impact of Dravet syndrome. In 2018, Devinsky et al. once again, conducted a comprehensive analysis of the potential anti-seizure effects of CBD, this time focusing on its efficacy in reducing drop seizures in individuals with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (LGS). LGS is characterized by multiple seizure types, including atonic or “drop” seizures, which often result in sudden loss of muscle tone and falls.  The study’s findings reveal a significant reduction in the frequency of drop seizures among patients receiving CBD treatment compared to those in the placebo group. Notably, a substantial proportion of CBD-treated patients experienced a reduction of at least 50% in drop seizures. Similarly, the research conducted by Thiele et al. (2018) provided more insight into the anti-seizure effects of CBD in the context of LGS. The findings highlight that CBD treatment leads to a significant reduction in the frequency of drop and non-drop seizures among patients with LGS. The study also underscores the safety profile of CBD, with adverse events primarily being mild to moderate in intensity. Additionally, the research demonstrates a favorable impact on overall quality of life, as indicated by improvements in emotional and physical well-being reported by caregivers. These findings corroborate the potential of CBD as an effective and well-tolerated adjunctive treatment for patients with LGS, offering hope for individuals with this challenging epileptic syndrome and their families. In the face of treatment, the research conducted by Gaston et al. (2017) provides valuable insights into the potential interactions between CBD and commonly used antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) in the context of managing seizures. The study focuses on individuals with treatment-resistant epilepsy who were prescribed CBD as an adjunctive treatment, aiming to assess potential drug interactions with their existing AED regimens. Through a comprehensive analysis of drug interaction data, the researchers find that CBD does not significantly affect the plasma levels of most AEDs commonly used to treat epilepsy. This suggests that CBD may be safely combined with these AEDs without causing substantial alterations in their pharmacokinetics. These findings contribute to the understanding of the practical implications of using CBD in conjunction with existing epilepsy treatments, providing valuable information for clinicians and patients seeking alternative approaches to managing seizures. Whole plant CBD isolates are available in the FDA approved product Epidiolex. 

Continuing in the neurological effect of CBD, we explored its effect on depression. For example, the study conducted by Linge et al. (2016) offers valuable insights into the potential antidepressant effects of CBD, shedding light on its rapid-acting antidepressant-like properties and its influence on neurotransmission pathways. Focusing on its impact on depressive behaviors and neurochemical mechanisms, the research unveils CBD’s ability to induce rapid and sustained antidepressant effects in animal models. The study delves into the involvement of the 5-HT1A receptors, which play a pivotal role in mood regulation and antidepressant responses. By enhancing cortical 5-HT/glutamate neurotransmission, CBD is shown to modulate synaptic plasticity, a crucial factor in mood disorders. This research significantly contributes to the understanding of CBD’s potential as a novel approach for treating depression by targeting neurotransmitter systems, ultimately paving the way for further investigations into its therapeutic efficacy and mechanisms of action in the realm of depression and mood disorders. Similarly, The research conducted by Sales et al. (2018) presents a significant contribution to understanding the antidepressant potential of CBD, particularly its dependence on brain serotonin levels. The study explores the mechanisms underlying CBD’s antidepressant-like effects and its interactions with the brain’s serotonin system, a key player in mood regulation. Through a series of experiments, the research reveals that CBD’s ability to induce an antidepressant-like response is contingent upon the availability of serotonin in the brain. By influencing serotonergic neurotransmission, CBD is shown to enhance the anti-depressant effects, providing further evidence of its involvement in mood modulation. The study by Zanelati et al. (2010) investigates the effects of CBD on depressive-like behaviors and its interaction with the 5-HT1A receptors, which are known to play a crucial role in the regulation of mood. The study’s findings reveal that CBD administration induces antidepressant-like effects in mice, as demonstrated by its ability to mitigate behavioral indicators of depression. Additionally, the study explores the involvement of the 5-HT1A receptor in mediating these effects, suggesting that CBD’s antidepressant actions might be, at least partially, mediated through its interaction with these receptors. By establishing a link between CBD, 5-HT1A receptors, and antidepressant-like responses, this research advances our understanding of the underlying mechanisms through which CBD exerts its potential antidepressant effects and highlights the significance of the serotonergic system in its action. On the other hand, CBD also plays into other neurological disorders that deal with depression. For example, the research by Shannon and Opila-Lehman (2016) presents a case report that offers insights into the potential antidepressant effects of CBD in the context of pediatric anxiety and insomnia associated with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The case report discusses the administration of CBD oil to a young patient with PTSD-related symptoms, including severe anxiety and sleep disturbances. Notably, the patient experienced significant improvements in both anxiety and sleep after CBD treatment. Although the report is a single case study, it suggests that CBD might play a role in alleviating not only anxiety and sleep problems but also the depressive aspects often intertwined with PTSD. Building on that, the study conducted by Lee et al. (2017) offers valuable insights into the antidepressant potential of CBD, particularly in the context of regulating emotion and emotional memory processing. It explores CBD’s impact on emotional memory, highlighting its ability to modulate the consolidation and reconsolidation of emotionally charged memories. By interfering with the process of memory formation associated with traumatic or negative experiences, CBD exhibits potential to alleviate the emotional burden often linked to depression. Moreover, the article underscores CBD’s influence on the endocannabinoid system and its interaction with various neurotransmitter systems involved in emotional regulation. This research expands our understanding of CBD’s multifaceted effects on mood and emotional processing, suggesting its potential as a promising therapeutic agent for addressing depression and related disorders.

In a complex review of the analgesic effects of cannabinoids written by Russo (2008), he highlights CBD’s potential to modulate pain perception through its interactions with the endocannabinoid system and other signaling pathways. The review encompasses various pain conditions, such as neuropathic pain and fibromyalgia, underscoring the potential of cannabinoids, including CBD, to alleviate pain in diverse contexts. Such an explanation of the pain relief can be found in the study conducted by Xiong et al. (2012). Which provides valuable insights into the analgesic effects of CBD by investigating its potential to alleviate inflammatory and neuropathic pain. Moreover, the research explores the involvement of α3 glycine receptors in mediating a reduction in inflammatory and neuropathic pain in experimental models suggesting that CBD’s analgesic actions may be attributed, at least in part, to its interaction with these receptors. This study enhances our understanding of the intricate mechanisms through which CBD exerts its analgesic effects, shedding light on its potential as a novel intervention for both inflammatory and neuropathic pain conditions. Which could present as a promising therapeutic option for individuals suffering from conditions like migraine, headache, and chronic pain.

The research conducted by Campos et al. (2016) presents a comprehensive analysis of the neuroprotective qualities of CBD, particularly in the context of neuropsychiatric disorders. The study delves into the potential of CBD as a promising therapeutic agent for safeguarding neural health and addressing neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric conditions. The research highlights CBD’s interactions with various molecular targets, including cannabinoid receptors and non-cannabinoid receptor systems, that are implicated in neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and excitotoxicity. Furthermore, the analysis discusses the evidence supporting CBD’s ability to attenuate neurodegenerative processes and provide cognitive and behavioral benefits in animal models of neuropsychiatric disorders. Similarly, the study by Fernández-Ruiz et al. (2013) provides a comprehensive analysis of the potential neuroprotective qualities of CBD, particularly in the context of neurodegenerative disorders. This research critically examines the existing preclinical and clinical evidence surrounding CBD’s impact on various neurodegenerative conditions, including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and multiple sclerosis. The article highlights CBD’s multifaceted mechanisms of action, which encompass anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-apoptotic effects, all of which contribute to its potential neuroprotective properties. This underscores CBD’s potential to modulate neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction, which are key contributors to the pathogenesis of these disorders. Furthermore, the article explores CBD’s interactions with endocannabinoid and non-endocannabinoid receptors, including its modulation of adenosine receptors and the serotoninergic system, shedding light on its potential therapeutic utility in neurodegenerative contexts. 

Not only does CBD have anxiolytic purposes but it also improves sleep time in those who might be suffering from insomnia, a disorder that often goes hand in hand with anxiety.  The research conducted by Chagas et al. (2013) offers insights into the potential treatment of insomnia with CBD by examining its effects on the sleep-wake cycle in rats. The study provides a preclinical perspective on CBD’s impact on sleep patterns, shedding light on its influence on both the initiation and maintenance of sleep. Through acute systemic administration of CBD, the researchers observe an increase in total sleep time, as well as a reduction in sleep latency. The study explores the potential mechanisms underlying CBD’s effects, noting its interactions with neurotransmitter systems involved in sleep regulation. While the research is conducted on rats and requires further investigation in humans, it lays the groundwork for understanding CBD’s potential as a sleep aid and opens avenues for exploring its application in addressing insomnia. Interestingly, the comprehensive review conducted by Babson et al. (2017) highlights that CBD may have a multifaceted influence on sleep by interacting with different aspects of the sleep-wake cycle. While some studies suggest that CBD could enhance sleep by reducing sleep latency and improving sleep continuity, other research points to a possible biphasic effect, where lower doses promote wakefulness and higher doses promote sleep. However, a study conducted by Linares et al. (2018) found that acute CBD intake does not significantly alter the sleep-wake cycle of healthy participants. Despite the growing interest in CBD’s potential as a sleep aid, this research suggests that CBD may not induce immediate changes in sleep parameters among individuals without existing sleep disturbances. Highlighting the need for additional research, particularly in populations with sleep disorders, to fully elucidate CBD’s role in the treatment of insomnia and related sleep issues.

The study conducted by Elbaz et al. (2015) offers an insightful analysis of the anti-tumor potential of CBD, specifically in the context of breast cancer. The research investigates novel mechanisms through which CBD modulates the tumor microenvironment and inhibits the epidermal growth factor (EGF)/EGF receptor (EGFR) pathway, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic agent against breast cancer. The study reveals that CBD treatment leads to a decrease in tumor cell viability and migration, suggesting its ability to suppress cancer cell proliferation and metastatic potential. Additionally, the research uncovers CBD’s impact on the tumor microenvironment, promoting changes that discourage tumor growth and invasiveness. The inhibition of the EGF/EGFR pathway by CBD further emphasizes its potential as a multifaceted anti-tumor agent. Similarly, the study conducted by Wang and Multhoff (2021) highlights CBD’s potential to modulate various pathways and factors involved in cancer progression, including cell cycle regulation, apoptosis, inflammation, and angiogenesis. The authors discuss CBD’s ability to target multiple signaling pathways that contribute to tumor growth and metastasis, indicating its potential to disrupt key processes in cancer development and potentially enhance the efficacy of traditional chemotherapy approaches.

Unknown Potential

Cannabicitran (CB) is another lesser-known cannabinoid found in cannabis plants. There is very limited scientific evidence regarding the specific medicinal properties of Cannabicitran. So, due to the scarcity of research, it’s challenging to make definitive statements about its potential health benefits. However, it is structurally similar to THC and CBD which have varying medicinal benefits. CB may be suitable for anxiety, stabilizing mood, and may help with pain and other health issues. Studies show that it is especially good for eye health and may help prevent or even manage glaucoma. While there is still little research about it, there is much potential for its health benefits. However, it is important to note that prospective medicinal properties of any cannabinoid can vary widely depending on factors like dosage, method of administration, and individual biochemistry.

Anti-Inflammatory

Cannabicyclol (CBL) is a lesser-known cannabinoid found in the cannabis plant, though it typically appears in much lower concentrations compared to other more prevalent cannabinoids like THC or CBD. CBL is a result of the oxidative degradation of cannabichromene (CBC) under various conditions, including heat and light exposure. As a result, it’s often considered a non-enzymatic breakdown product of CBC. Despite its relatively low abundance, CBL has garnered some attention for its potential therapeutic properties. However, research on CBL is limited, and its pharmacological effects and mechanisms of action are not as well understood as those of more extensively studied cannabinoids. Further exploration and investigation are necessary to fully comprehend the potential uses and effects of CBL in the context of human health and well-being.

The study conducted by Lisdiana and Mustikaningtyas in 2023, titled “Molecular Docking of the Cannabis sativa L. Bioactive Compound Against Inflammation Induced by Cigarette Smoke exposure,” explores the potential anti-inflammatory effects of bioactive compounds found in Cannabis sativa L., including cannabicyclol (CBL). The researchers used molecular docking techniques with results showing that “the compounds from Cannabis sativa L. can act as an anti-inflammatory in the context of cigarette smoke-induced inflammation.” which is indicated by “the similarity of amino acid residues resulting from the interaction of the aspirin drug (control) with the anti-inflammatory receptor protein in the compound cannabidihydrophenanthrene with PDGFRA and KDR receptors and compounds cannabicyclol with AKT1 and KDR receptors” (Lisdiana). 

Anti-Inflammatory, Anti-Insomnia, Analgesic, Appetite Stimulant, Anti-Rejection in Skin Graft Patients, Anti-Tumor.

Cannabichromene (CBC) is a naturally occurring cannabinoid found in the Cannabis sativa plant. It is one of the lesser-studied cannabinoids compared to well-known compounds like delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD). Like other cannabinoids, CBC is derived from the precursor cannabigerolic acid (CBGA), which is enzymatically converted into CBC through specific biosynthetic pathways. CBC does not exhibit the same psychoactive properties as THC, making it a non-psychoactive compound. Research into CBC’s potential therapeutic effects has gained momentum, revealing its diverse pharmacological actions. One of its notable characteristics is its interaction with the endocannabinoid system, particularly the cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2, albeit to a lesser extent than THC. Studies have suggested that CBC may offer anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and other medicinal properties. Its unique molecular structure and interactions with various receptors make CBC an intriguing target for further investigation into its potential medical applications. As research continues to unfold, a deeper understanding of CBC’s mechanisms of action and its potential benefits in addressing various health conditions is expected to emerge.

In the article “Non-psychoactive cannabinoids modulate the descending pathway of antinociception in anesthetized rats through several mechanisms of action” by Maione et al., published in the British Journal of Pharmacology in 2011, the analgesic effects of cannabichromene (CBC) are investigated within the context of the descending antinociceptive pathway in anesthetized rats. The study aims to explore how non-psychoactive cannabinoids, including CBC, influence the pain-modulation pathway in the brain. Through their research, the authors demonstrate that CBC exerts analgesic effects by interacting with various mechanisms within the descending pain control pathway. These mechanisms include the activation of endocannabinoid receptors and the release of certain neurotransmitters that contribute to pain relief. The article underscores the potential of CBC as a non-psychoactive compound with analgesic properties, shedding light on its role in pain management. 

In the article “The Mechanism of Cannabichromene and Cannabidiol Alone Versus in Combination in the Alleviation of Arthritis-Related Inflammation” by Grogan et al., published in Annals of Plastic Surgery in 2023, the anti-inflammatory effects of cannabichromene (CBC) are examined within the context of arthritis-related inflammation. The study investigates both the individual and combined effects of CBC and cannabidiol (CBD) in alleviating inflammation associated with arthritis. Similarly, it was found in the article “Anti-inflammatory properties of cannabichromene” that CBC possesses anti-inflammatory properties when it significantly reduced edema formation in rats, indicating its potential to mitigate acute inflammatory processes.  This research sheds light on how CBC, in combination with CBD, can modulate inflammation through multiple mechanisms, including interactions with cannabinoid receptors and other molecular pathways involved in immune response and inflammation. The article “Cannabichromene is a cannabinoid CB2 receptor agonist” also proves this as it investigates how CBC acts as an agonist for the CB2 receptor, which is primarily associated with immune modulation and anti-inflammatory responses.  The research demonstrates that CBC’s interaction with the CB2 receptor leads to the suppression of inflammation by influencing various signaling pathways involved in immune and inflammatory processes. And by highlighting CBC’s role as a CB2 receptor agonist, the article provides valuable insights into the underlying mechanisms of its anti-inflammatory properties. These articles highlight CBC’s potential as an anti-inflammatory agent and emphasize the synergistic effects of combining cannabinoids for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.

In the article “Antitumor activity of plant cannabinoids with emphasis on the effect of cannabidiol on human breast carcinoma” by Ligresti et al., published in the Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics in 2006, the potential anti-tumor effects of plant cannabinoids, including cannabichromene (CBC), are explored, with a specific focus on cannabidiol (CBD) and its impact on human breast carcinoma. While the article may not exclusively analyze CBC’s anti-tumor effects, it likely contributes to the broader understanding of cannabinoids’ potential in cancer treatment. The study suggests that certain cannabinoids, including CBD, have the ability to inhibit the growth of human breast carcinoma cells in vitro through various mechanisms, such as inducing apoptosis (programmed cell death) and inhibiting tumor cell migration. Although the article does not solely concentrate on CBC, it falls within the realm of research that underscores the potential of cannabinoids in targeting cancer cells. The findings provide insights into the complex interactions between cannabinoids and cancer cells, potentially paving the way for further investigations into the therapeutic applications of CBC and other plant cannabinoids in combating cancer.

Appetite Stimulant/Regulation

Δ10 is one of many cannabinoids found in cannabis, however, it can only be found in small trace amounts. There is so little of it that its often missed in extraction processes. Because of this, there is limited research on its medicinal properties. But it is known to act similarly to Delta-8 and Delta-9 which can bind to the CB1 receptors in the brain and nervous system. With this being said, in high concentrations Delta-10 could potentially possess a Potential for Pain Relief, appetite stimulation, anti-inflammatory properties, and anxiolytic effects. While there is still limited research on it, Delta-10 shows a promising future in the world of medicine. 

Antinociceptive

Tetrahydrocannabihexol (THCH) is a lesser-known cannabinoid found in cannabis. It belongs to the family of cannabinoids, which are the active compounds present in the cannabis plant. THCH is structurally related to other well-known cannabinoids like THC (tetrahydrocannabinol) and CBD (cannabidiol). While THC is primarily responsible for the psychoactive effects of cannabis, and CBD is renowned for its potential therapeutic properties, THCH’s effects and characteristics are less understood due to limited research. Like other cannabinoids, it interacts with the endocannabinoid system in the human body, which plays a crucial role in regulating various physiological processes. THCH’s specific properties, potential effects, and medical applications require further investigation and research, as it remains a relatively understudied compound compared to THC and CBD. Its presence in cannabis adds to the complexity of the plant’s chemical profile, and ongoing research may uncover its unique contributions to the overall effects of different cannabis strains.

The article titled “Identification of a new cannabidiol n-hexyl homolog in a medicinal cannabis variety with an antinociceptive activity in mice: cannabidihexol” by Linciano et al., published in Scientific Reports in 2020, highlights the antinociceptive effects of tetrahydrocannabidihexol (THCH), a newly identified cannabinoid derivative found in medicinal cannabis. Antinociception refers to the reduction of sensitivity to painful stimuli. The research findings suggest that THCH exhibits antinociceptive activity in mice, indicating its potential as a pain-relieving compound. This property is particularly noteworthy in the context of medical cannabis, as it suggests that THCH could be harnessed for its analgesic effects, potentially offering a natural alternative for pain management. However, further research is needed to explore the full extent of THCH’s antinociceptive properties and its safety and efficacy in humans.

Appetite stimulant/regulation

The article titled “Isolation of a High-Affinity Cannabinoid for the Human CB1 Receptor from a Medicinal Cannabis sativa Variety: Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabutol, the Butyl Homologue of Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol” by Linciano et al. (2020) explores the medicinal properties of Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabutol (THCB), a cannabinoid found in medicinal Cannabis sativa. THCB is identified as a high-affinity ligand for the human CB1 receptor, suggesting its potential therapeutic relevance. The CB1 receptor is primarily located in the central nervous system and is associated with various physiological processes, including pain modulation, appetite regulation, and mood control. Given its affinity for the CB1 receptor, THCB may have analgesic, appetite-stimulating, and potentially mood-altering effects, similar to its well-known counterpart, Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Further research on THCB’s specific medicinal properties and potential therapeutic applications is warranted, as it could provide valuable insights into the pharmacological effects of this lesser-known cannabinoid.

Analgesic, antiemetic

Delta-8 tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ8-THC or simply Δ8) is a naturally occurring cannabinoid found in the cannabis plant, though it is found in small quantities and sometimes even not at all.  It is chemically similar to the more well-known Delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), the primary psychoactive compound in cannabis, but with a slightly different molecular structure. Δ8 is known to interact with the endocannabinoid system in the human body, primarily by binding to the CB1 and CB2 receptors, leading to various physiological and psychological effects. It has gained attention for its potential therapeutic applications, including its reported ability to alleviate symptoms like nausea, anxiety, and pain, without producing the intense psychoactive effects often associated with Δ9-THC. CBD in hemp can be used as a precursor in the synthesis of Delta-8 THC (Δ8-THC), although the process typically involves several chemical steps and is not a direct conversion. To synthesize Δ8-THC from CBD, the CBD molecule undergoes a chemical reaction that modifies its structure. One common method involves isomerization, where CBD is treated with certain acidic conditions or catalysts to rearrange its molecular bonds and convert it into Δ8-THC. This process typically requires specialized equipment and expertise, and it’s essential to follow legal regulations, as the legality of Δ8-THC varies by jurisdiction. It’s crucial to note that the production and sale of Δ8-THC are subject to specific regulations and restrictions in many places, and individuals interested in these processes should adhere to applicable laws and regulations governing controlled substances and hemp-derived products. So, despite its promising characteristics, more research on Δ8-THC is needed to fully understand its potential benefits and risks.

In the article “Review of delta-8-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ8-THC): Comparative pharmacology with Δ9-THC” by Tagen and Klumpers, published in the British Journal of Pharmacology in 2022, the analgesic properties of delta-8-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ8-THC) are discussed within the context of comparative pharmacology with delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC). The study aims to provide insights into the pharmacological profile of Δ8-THC and its potential as an analgesic agent. Through their analysis, the authors suggest that Δ8-THC exhibits analgesic effects comparable to Δ9-THC, indicating its potential as a pain-relieving substance. While the exact mechanisms behind Δ8-THC’s analgesic properties require further investigation, the article underscores its potential role as an alternative or complementary treatment option for pain management. However, as with any cannabinoid-based intervention, further research is necessary to fully understand its analgesic mechanisms, optimize dosages, and evaluate its overall efficacy and safety. The study highlights the growing interest in exploring the therapeutic potential of lesser-studied cannabinoids like Δ8-THC in addressing pain-related conditions, providing valuable insights for the future development of analgesic treatments.

In the article “An efficient new cannabinoid antiemetic in pediatric oncology” by Abrahamov et al., published in Life Sciences in 1995, the antiemetic properties of delta-8-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ8-THC) are explored, particularly in the context of pediatric oncology. The study aims to investigate the potential of Δ8-THC as an antiemetic agent to alleviate nausea and vomiting in children undergoing chemotherapy. Through their research, the authors find that Δ8-THC effectively reduces chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting in pediatric cancer patients. The article highlights Δ8-THC’s antiemetic potential and its potential role in improving the quality of life for pediatric cancer patients who often experience these distressing side effects of chemotherapy. While further research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms behind Δ8-THC’s antiemetic effects and its optimal dosing regimen, the study contributes to the body of evidence suggesting that cannabinoids, including Δ8-THC, have promise as supportive therapies for managing chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, particularly in pediatric populations.

Neurodegenerative Disease, Sleep Aid/Sedation, Analgesic, Antibacterial

Cannabinol (CBN) is a naturally occurring cannabinoid found in the Cannabis sativa plant. It is one of the many compounds produced by the plant’s metabolic processes. CBN is often referred to as a degradation product of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the well-known psychoactive cannabinoid. Unlike THC, CBN is typically present in much lower concentrations in cannabis plants. It was one of the first cannabinoids to be isolated and identified from cannabis. CBN is thought to be a mildly psychoactive compound, although its psychoactive effects are generally considered to be less potent compared to THC. It is also being explored for its potential therapeutic properties, including its potential as a sleep aid and its interaction with the endocannabinoid system. 

In the article “Cannabidiol, cannabinol and their combinations act as peripheral analgesics in a rat model of myofascial pain,” published in the Archives of Oral Biology in 2019 by Hayes Wong and Brian E. Cairns, the analgesic effects of cannabinol (CBN) are explored. The study investigates the potential analgesic properties of CBN, along with cannabidiol (CBD), in a rat model of myofascial pain. Through their research, the authors demonstrate that CBN, along with CBD, exhibits peripheral analgesic effects in this experimental model. This suggests that CBN might have the ability to alleviate pain at the site of its application. The study contributes to our understanding of CBN’s potential as a pain-relieving agent, particularly in the context of myofascial pain. The findings highlight CBN’s potential as a candidate for further exploration in pain management strategies and offer insights into the broader therapeutic potential of cannabinoids for pain relief.

In the study titled “Cannabinol inhibits oxytosis/ferroptosis by directly targeting mitochondria independently of cannabinoid receptors,” published in Free Radical Biology & Medicine in 2022 by Liang et al., the researchers investigated the potential of cannabinol (CBN) to inhibit a specific type of cell death called oxytosis or ferroptosis. The study aimed to understand whether CBN could target mitochondria directly and independently of cannabinoid receptors to mitigate cell death. Through their research, the authors demonstrated that CBN effectively inhibits oxytosis/ferroptosis by directly targeting mitochondria, suggesting a mechanism of action beyond cannabinoid receptors. The findings offer insights into CBN’s potential as a protective agent against certain forms of cell death, indicating its potential utility in neuroprotective strategies. The study advances our understanding of CBN’s effects on cellular processes and presents opportunities for further exploration of its therapeutic applications in conditions involving oxidative stress and cell death.

In the article “Comparison of Efficacy of Cannabinoids versus Commercial Oral Care Products in Reducing Bacterial Content from Dental Plaque: A Preliminary Observation” by Stahl and Vasudevan, published in Cureus in 2020, the antibacterial effects of cannabinol (CBN) are investigated in relation to reducing bacterial content in dental plaque. The study aims to compare the efficacy of cannabinoids, including CBN, with commercial oral care products in terms of their ability to reduce bacterial populations in dental plaque. The authors present preliminary observations suggesting that cannabinoids exhibit potential antibacterial properties and may contribute to reducing bacterial content in dental plaque. In the results, they found that CBN was an effective antibacterial for dental plaque across multiple research groups (Stahl). 

Unknown potential

CBDB as a novel butyl analog of CBD often characterized as an impurity of commercial CBD extracted from hemp.

The article titled “Chemical and spectroscopic characterization data of ‘cannabidibutol’, a novel cannabidiol butyl analog,” authored by Cinzia Citti and colleagues and published in Data in Brief in 2019, provides essential data to characterize a novel compound known as cannabidibutol (CBDB). This research contributes to our understanding of the chemical and spectroscopic properties of CBDB, a butyl analog of cannabidiol (CBD). While the article primarily focuses on providing characterization data, this information is crucial for assessing the medicinal potential of CBDB. Analog compounds like CBDB hold promise in expanding the scope of cannabinoids’ therapeutic applications, as they can exhibit different pharmacological profiles compared to their parent compounds. By presenting detailed chemical and spectroscopic data for CBDB, this study lays the groundwork for future investigations into the potential medicinal uses of this compound. This research contributes to the ongoing exploration of the diverse array of cannabinoids and their derivatives, offering insights that could lead to novel therapeutic options for various medical conditions. 

Dry skin, cancer/anti-tumor growth, anti-inflammatory

Cannabigerovarin (CBGV) is a naturally occurring phytocannabinoid found in the Cannabis sativa plant. It is structurally related to other cannabinoids like cannabigerol (CBG) and cannabidiol (CBD). CBGV is produced through the plant’s biosynthetic pathways and is a minor constituent of cannabis compared to more well-known cannabinoids like THC and CBD. While research on CBGV is still in its early stages, preliminary studies suggest that it might interact with the endocannabinoid system, which plays a crucial role in regulating various physiological processes. CBGV’s potential effects, mechanisms of action, and therapeutic applications are still being explored, and as scientific interest in the diverse range of cannabinoids present in cannabis grows, CBGV’s distinct properties could potentially contribute to the development of novel treatments and therapies in the future.

In studies about CBGV, it was found that it possessed anti-inflammatory qualities by suppressing the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines induced by Lipopolysaccharide treatment. Yet, its most noticeable function was its ability to treat dry skin. This was shown in the article “Cannabinoids as anti-acne agents white paper” where non-cytotoxic concentrations of CBG and CBGV reportedly increased lipid synthesis and sebocyte lipogenesis while preventing inflammatory cytokine release, which may be beneficial for therapies targeting conditions associated with dry skin and impaired barrier function (Lavvan).

In the study “Cannabidiol exerts anti-proliferative activity via a cannabinoid receptor 2-dependent mechanism in human colorectal cancer cells” it was found that CBGV and other non-psychoactive cannabinoid derivatives had anti-proliferative activity in cancer cells. It was also found in the study, “Efficient Synthesis for Altering Side Chain Length on Cannabinoid Molecules and Their Effects in Chemotherapy and Chemotherapeutic Induced Neuropathic Pain” that CBGV demonstrated the largest cell growth reduction and  “In cell lines sensitive to CBG, CBGV remained more efficacious, except in DLD-1 cells where the CBG and CBGV had a similar effect on cell viability” (Raup-Konsavage). 

Neuroprotection, analgesic, antibacterial, antifungal

Cannabichromevarin (CBCV) is a relatively new cannabinoid so research on this molecule is lacking. However, it is structurally similar to CBC and is suspected to have some of the same therapeutic qualities including possible anti-inflammatory properties, neuroprotective effects, pain relief, antibacterial and antifungal activities, and possible leads to inhibiting tumor growth. While more information and studies must come out about CBCV in order to find its true value in the world of medicine, it demonstrates a promising future. 

Anti-Diabetic, Anticonvulsant

Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV) is a naturally occurring cannabinoid compound found in the Cannabis sativa plant. It shares a similar molecular structure with the more well-known cannabinoid, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), which is responsible for the psychoactive effects of cannabis. However, THCV has distinct effects and properties. It has garnered interest due to its potential therapeutic applications in various medical conditions. THCV’s effects on the endocannabinoid system, which plays a crucial role in regulating various physiological processes, are of particular interest. Additionally, THCV’s potential to affect insulin sensitivity, glucose regulation, and lipid metabolism has sparked attention in the context of metabolic disorders like obesity and diabetes. While THCV’s mechanisms and effects are still being explored, its distinct properties and potential therapeutic benefits make it an intriguing subject of scientific investigation.

While similar to THC, THCV varies in its impacts on the G protein-coupled cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2) that are located in the brain and nervous systems. THC activates the CB1 receptor which produces the psychoactive and appetite inducing response, THCV is an agonist or neutral agonist to CB1.

In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study conducted by Khalid A. Jadoon and others, the impact of THCV on glycemic and lipid parameters in patients with type 2 diabetes was investigated. The results of the study suggest that THCV may have a potential positive effect on glycemic parameters as it decreased fasting plasma glucose (from 7.4 to 6.7 mmol/L) compared to the placebo group which increased from 7.6 to 8 mmol/L 21 (Jadoon et al). Meanwhile, a journal article titled “The cannabinoid Δ9-tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV) ameliorates insulin sensitivity in two mouse models of obesity,” examines THCV’s impact on restoring insulin sensitivity as a potential therapeutic approach in managing metabolic disorders related to obesity. Through the utilization of mouse and human models, the research suggests that THCV might have a positive effect in improving diabetes and indicating its potential value in addressing metabolic dysregulation associated with obesity. 

THCV may also have anticonvulsant properties as well. In the study titled “Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabivarin suppresses in vitro epileptiform and in vivo seizure activity in adult rats,” published in Epilepsia in 2010, researchers focused their studies on both in vitro and in vivo models to examine the effects of THCV on epileptiform activity and seizure occurrence in adult rats. The study reveals promising results, indicating that THCV possesses the ability to suppress epileptiform activity in vitro and reduce seizure activity in vivo. These findings suggest a potential anticonvulsant role for THCV, which could have implications for the development of novel treatments for epilepsy and related neurological disorders. The study contributes to the growing body of research exploring the therapeutic potential of cannabinoids, like THCV, in managing seizure disorders. 

Anti-Inflammatory, Anti-Insomnia, Analgesic, Appetite Stimulant, Anti-Rejection in Skin Graft Patients, Anti-Tumor.

Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is one of the primary and most well-known psychoactive cannabinoids found in the Cannabis sativa plant. THC is responsible for the euphoric and intoxicating effects commonly associated with cannabis use. It interacts with the endocannabinoid system, particularly binding to cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2 in the brain and throughout the body. This interaction leads to the release of neurotransmitters that influence mood, perception, and cognitive functions. Apart from its recreational effects, THC has garnered significant attention for its potential therapeutic applications. Research suggests that it might have analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antiemetic, and appetite-stimulating properties. Medicinal formulations containing THC have been used to manage conditions like chronic pain, nausea and vomiting associated with chemotherapy, and loss of appetite in certain medical contexts. However, its psychoactive effects and potential for abuse have led to legal and regulatory considerations in various jurisdictions. The exploration of THC’s effects, both beneficial and detrimental, continues to be a significant area of study within the field of cannabis research and medical science.

In the article “The analgesic effect of oral delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), morphine, and a THC-morphine combination in healthy subjects under experimental pain conditions” by Naef et al., the analgesic effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) are explored in comparison to morphine and a combination of THC and morphine. The study aims to assess the analgesic potential of these substances under experimental pain conditions. Through their research, the authors find that oral THC administration, both alone and in combination with morphine, leads to analgesic effects in healthy subjects experiencing experimental pain. Similarly, in the article “An analgesia circuit activated by cannabinoids” by Meng et al., published in Nature in 1998, the analgesic effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) are investigated within the context of an analgesia circuit. The authors discover that cannabinoids, including THC, activate specific neural pathways associated with pain relief. Through their research, they found that cannabinoids such as THC disable the rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM) –a circuit within the brain that intervenes with analgesic effects- similar to other pain relievers such as morphine. This groundbreaking study offers valuable insights into the mechanisms underlying THC’s ability to alleviate pain and provides a better understanding of the intricate neural networks involved in the cannabinoid-mediated modulation of pain perception. 

In the article “Anti-inflammatory activity of topical THC in DNFB-mediated mouse allergic contact dermatitis independent of CB1 and CB2 receptors” by Gaffal et al., published in Allergy in 2013, the anti-inflammatory effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) are examined within the context of allergic contact dermatitis. The study aims to investigate whether THC’s anti-inflammatory properties are mediated by cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2. Through their research, the authors find that topical application of THC effectively reduces inflammation in a mouse model of allergic contact dermatitis. Also, the study reveals that these anti-inflammatory effects are independent of CB1 and CB2 receptors, suggesting the involvement of alternative pathways. The article “Cannabinoids suppress inflammatory and neuropathic pain by targeting α3 glycine receptors” by Xiong et al., proves this as the authors demonstrate that cannabinoids, including THC, alleviate inflammatory and neuropathic pain by directly interacting with α3 glycine receptors. This interaction results in the suppression of inflammatory responses and the attenuation of pain signals. By elucidating the connection between cannabinoids and α3 glycine receptors, the study contributes to our understanding of THC’s mechanism of action and its significance in the context of pain management, offering valuable information for the development of cannabinoid-based therapies for pain-related conditions. When thinking about this in regards to the immune system, THC has a lot of potential in treating inflammatory diseases. For example in the article “Cannabinoids and the immune system: Potential for the treatment of inflammatory diseases?” by Croxford et al., published in the Journal of Neuroimmunology in 2008, the authors discuss the intricate interactions between cannabinoids and immune cells, highlighting how THC and other cannabinoids might dampen excessive immune activation and attenuate inflammatory processes.  The article underscores the potential of THC as a candidate for treating a range of inflammatory diseases, offering insights into its complex immunomodulatory effects. However, it also acknowledges the need for further research to fully understand the safety, efficacy, and practical implementation of cannabinoids in managing inflammatory conditions. The study contributes to the broader understanding of THC’s potential therapeutic role and its impact on the immune system in the context of inflammatory diseases.

THC has appetite stimulating qualities that prove to be useful to patients with long term health problems such as HIV, AIDS, cancer and possibly others. In the article “Dronabinol and marijuana in HIV-positive marijuana smokers: Caloric intake, mood, and sleep” by Haney et al., published in the Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes in 2005, the appetite-stimulating effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) are examined within the context of HIV-positive marijuana smokers. The study investigates how both dronabinol (synthetic THC) and natural marijuana influence caloric intake, mood, and sleep patterns in HIV-positive individuals. It also highlights THC’s potential as an appetite stimulant, which is particularly significant for individuals facing HIV-related weight loss and malnutrition. While the primary focus is on HIV-positive individuals, the study indirectly underscores THC’s broader potential in managing appetite loss in various medical contexts. One such context is AIDS, in the article “Dronabinol as a treatment for anorexia associated with weight loss in patients with AIDS” by Beal et al., published in the Journal of Pain and Symptom Management in 1995, the appetite-stimulating effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) are explored in the context of anorexia associated with weight loss in patients with AIDS. Through their research, the authors find that dronabinol effectively increases appetite and caloric intake in AIDS patients, leading to weight gain and improved nutritional status. These findings highlight THC’s ability to counteract the severe loss of appetite experienced by individuals with AIDS, a condition that often leads to malnutrition and wasting. By demonstrating the positive effects of THC on appetite stimulation, the research supports the notion that THC could serve as a valuable intervention for managing anorexia-related weight loss in specific patient populations, offering a ray of hope in the face of a challenging medical condition. In different circumstances, THC has also been used to treat cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy who have severe appetite loss. In the article “Comparison of orally administered cannabis extract and delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in treating patients with cancer-related anorexia-cachexia syndrome” by Strasser et al., published in the Journal of Clinical Oncology in 2006, the appetite-stimulating effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) are investigated within the context of cancer-related anorexia-cachexia syndrome. Through their research, the authors find that both cannabis extract and THC lead to a significant increase in appetite and body weight in cancer patients suffering from anorexia-cachexia syndrome. The study provides insights into THC’s role in addressing appetite suppression, emphasizing its potential to enhance the quality of life for patients undergoing palliative care. By demonstrating the positive impact of THC on appetite stimulation, the research supports the idea that THC-based interventions could serve as valuable tools in managing cancer-associated cachexia and its associated complications, including appetite loss. However, it’s important to note that the appetite-stimulating effects of THC might have varying outcomes based on individual characteristics and conditions, and further research is required to understand the nuanced interplay between THC, appetite, and health outcomes.

In the article “Cannabinoids in the Treatment of Insomnia Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis” by Bhagavan et al., published in CNS Drugs in 2020, the potential of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) to alleviate insomnia is explored. The study conducts a systematic review and meta-analysis to examine the efficacy of cannabinoids, including THC, in treating insomnia disorder. Through their research, the authors find that cannabinoids, including THC, demonstrate promise in improving sleep parameters for individuals with insomnia. The article highlights THC’s potential to help manage insomnia by potentially regulating sleep patterns and enhancing sleep duration and quality. However, it’s essential to note that while THC appears to have a positive impact on sleep, its effects might vary depending on factors such as dosage, individual tolerance, and potential side effects. The study underscores the need for further research to elucidate the precise mechanisms through which THC influences sleep and to better understand its overall safety and efficacy as a treatment for insomnia. 

The article titled “Δ⁹-Tetrahydrocannabinol attenuates allogeneic host-versus-graft response and delays skin graft rejection through activation of cannabinoid receptor 1 and induction of myeloid-derived suppressor cells” by Sido JM et al., published in the Journal of Leukocyte Biology in 2015, sheds light on the potential anti-rejection properties of THC (Δ⁹-Tetrahydrocannabinol) in skin graft patients. The study explores how THC, a major psychoactive compound in cannabis, may play a role in reducing the host-versus-graft response and prolonging the acceptance of skin grafts. The research findings indicate that THC achieves this by activating cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) and inducing the production of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), which are known to suppress immune responses. This suggests that THC may have immunosuppressive effects that could be beneficial in preventing not only skin graft rejection but could also potentially be a substitute to the many debilitating anti-rejection drugs that transplant patients must take. However, it’s important to note that while this research is intriguing, further studies and clinical trials would be necessary to validate the safety and efficacy of THC in transplantation medicine. Additionally, the psychoactive effects of THC should be considered when exploring its potential therapeutic applications.

The article titled “Anticancer mechanisms of cannabinoids” by Velasco et al., published in Current Oncology in 2016, provides insights into the anti-tumor properties of Δ⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ⁹-THC), a major psychoactive compound in cannabis, through the mechanism of apoptosis. The study highlights that Δ⁹-THC can induce apoptosis, a process of programmed cell death, in cancer cells. This is a significant finding because apoptosis is a natural mechanism by which the body eliminates damaged or abnormal cells. In the context of cancer, the ability of Δ⁹-THC to trigger apoptosis in cancer cells suggests its potential as a therapeutic agent for cancer treatment. By promoting the death of cancerous cells, Δ⁹-THC may help to inhibit the growth and spread of tumors. However, it’s important to note that while this research provides promising evidence, further studies, including clinical trials, are needed to fully understand the therapeutic potential of Δ⁹-THC in cancer therapy, and to explore its safety and efficacy in humans. Additionally, the psychoactive effects of Δ⁹-THC should be considered in the context of its medical applications.