Jim serves as Chair of Positive Growth Ventures (d/b/a Acannability), bringing a career focus in emerging markets, new technology, and industry standards. Jim is an inductee of the Chicago Area Entrepreneurship Hall of Fame by the Institute for Entrepreneurial Studies at the University of Illinois at Chicago College of Business Administration. In 2018, Jim joined the Standards Development Organization Board of the Licensing Executives Society USA & Canada, Inc. (LES) governing voluntary consensus-based professional practices that are guided in their development by the American National Standards Institute’s (ANSI’s) Essential Requirements. LES standards are designed to encourage and teach consensus practices across technology management processes.
Jim has substantial experience as a Board Director for leading technology corporations and research organizations as well as companies with critical brand management issues. He is Past President of the world’s largest technology transfer organization, having had oversight for more than ten thousand members in thirty-two countries. Jim focuses his not-for-profit efforts with organizations leveraging science and innovation for the benefit of consumers, including those located in lesser developed countries. Jim is a frequent speaker on emerging technology markets and related financial measures. He has addressed mass media audiences including Bloomberg Morning Call, Bloomberg Evening Market Pulse, Bloomberg Final Word, CNBC Closing Bell, CNBC On the Money, CNBC Street Signs, CNBC Worldwide Exchange, CBS News Radio and Fox Business National Television as well as other recognized news-based internet video channels.
As an inventor, Jim has more than twenty issued U.S. patents. He is a frequent instructor for graduate studies on IP management and markets and a Summa Cum Laude graduate of the University of Notre Dame majoring in accountancy and philosophy. Jim is Certified/Accredited in Financial Forensics, Business Valuation and Blockchain Fundamentals. He is a Certified Licensing Professional and a Registered Certified Public Accountant in the State of Illinois.
Lisa brings to Acannability a deep knowledge of the cannabis industry including an understanding of cannabis as a medicine, its immense potential for industrial applications and environmental clean-up, and the history of Prohibition and fallout from the War on Drugs. Lisa has developed an extensive network of professionals within the industry, ranging from ancillary business owners and new licensees to persons at some of the largest MSOs, as well as top cannabis medical providers, and research scientists across the globe.
Lisa has completed multiple certification courses on medical cannabis, training and studying alongside world-renowned scientists. She is often invited to curate cannabis education events, advise on programs for cannabis conferences, and serve as a moderator on a variety of cannabis panels. Lisa is actively involved with social equity and social justice organizations who support the cannabis industry.
Lisa began her career helping to launch new financial products in highly regulated markets including work with the International Fixed Income Strategy Group at Morgan Stanley New York as well as the Equity Index-linked Options Group at JP Morgan Chase Investment Bank in London. Lisa’s experience includes the introduction of new products in both the US and Europe where she developed in-house and outward-facing marketing materials, introduced her firm’s sales staff and its customers to the new products, and authored required transaction agreements to execute client transactions. Lisa’s later work included advising early-stage social service entrepreneurs on marketing, budgeting, fundraising, and grant-writing.
Mika is an award-winning journalist and dynamic entrepreneur known for her creative strategies in executing media and communication campaigns. Throughout her career, she’s been recognized for her creativity, hustle, and leadership, including winning an Emmy in 2008 as a Field Producer at CBS 2 News Chicago. That same year Mika opened her own firm, succeeding in both her responsibilities as a journalist and as an entrepreneur.
In 2014, Mika accepted a position as spokesperson for the City of Chicago Department of Business Affairs and Consumer Protection. At City Hall, Mika spearheaded the communication strategy for several high-profile policies including house sharing (addressing AirBnB and others); rideshare (addressing Uber and Lyft), increases to the Chicago minimum wage; amendments to the city’s tobacco and liquor laws; and more than 60 other consumer protection campaigns.
Mika brings to Acannability both newsroom experience and successful execution of communication strategies for front line public policy issues. She has repeatedly advised clients and stakeholders to build winning earned media, marketing, and advertising campaigns. Mika led the production of large-scale events for the city of Chicago, driving the growth of several small business expositions where she leveraged her unique network to secure high-profile keynote speakers and brands. Mika’s efforts are credited with exponentially increasing both attendance and revenue for these programs.
Mika’s high energy, positive attitude, and passion for her work have helped her lead winning teams. Today, she carries that passion into her civic engagement where she serves on the Board of Directors for the YWCA Metropolitan Chicago and PAWS Chicago. She has served as the Interim Executive Director with the Susan G. Komen Foundation, is a proud Board Member for The Big Shoulders Fund, PAWS Chicago, Susan G. Komen, YWCA of Chicago; and focuses her time to raise donations and awareness benefiting the sick and less fortunate in Chicago.
Sparky was at the forefront of the cannabis industry from 2003 to 2006 as executive director of Compassionate Caregivers, an Oakland, California-based medical cannabis company. Sparky helped grow the business from two to seven dispensaries in just 18 months and oversaw annualized revenue growth to more than $60 million. He was also one co-founder of the Papa & Barkley cannabis brand and previously served as Chief Marketing Officer for PharmaCann.
Tyrone is the President of the Cleveland School of Cannabis, the only state approved career School for cannabis education east of Colorado. Tyrone previously served as the Director of Multicultural Affairs at Lehigh University. He is an entrepreneur, motivational speaker, and award-winning higher education professional. His advocacy, social justice work, and industry expertise make him one of the most forward-thinking educators in the cannabis space.
Joseph is a cannabis pharmacology and curriculum expert. Joseph was the founding member at Professional Dispensaries of Illinois Medical LLC, a medical cannabis dispensary owned and operated by pharmacists, nurses, and cannabis experts. He is an expert in the scientific, legal, social, political, and financial challenges facing U.S. entrants to the burgeoning medical cannabis industry. Joseph has contributed to several published articles in local and national publications and continually advocates for pharmacists’ involvement in the medical cannabis industry.
Dr. Sulak is a traditional osteopathic physician and expert in integrative medicine. His clinical practice in Maine focuses on treating refractory conditions in adults and children. Dr. Sulak is an internationally-renowned expert in medical cannabis, the author of the first foundational text on its clinical use, Handbook of Cannabis for Clinicians: Principles and Practice, and a co-founder of Healer.com, a medical cannabis education resource. He is a passionate educator and leader in the field of medical cannabis.
Brad Spirrison is a serial entrepreneur, journalist and community organizer of ascending industries. In addition to serving as Director of Business Development for Acannability, Spirrison is the founder and CEO of Grown In, a professional networking platform for the legal cannabis industry. He previously founded and ran companies in the education technology, mobile application and early Internet industries. He served as a weekly columnist for the Chicago Sun-Times as well as a regular contributor to ABC 7 News, and his work has appeared in Business Insider, The Huffington Post, Bloomberg, CNN and NBC Nightly News. He holds a patent on a method for scheduling professional networking interactions.
Mark has 30+ years of experience in finance, risk management, capital markets, and governance. Currently CEO of Misty Mountain Acquisitions, Mark previously served 4+ years as CEO of Revolution Global, an IL based MSO. Grew footprint from 1 to 5 states, building and integrating multiple manufacturing and retail assets. Most recently, performed two consecutive crisis management turnarounds involving recapitalization and restructuring. Mr. de Souza is a PharmaCann shareholder.
Bill served in the Illinois House of Representatives from 1974 to 1980 and the Illinois State Senate from 1980-1993. He served as Chairman of the Senate Judiciary Committee and Vice Chairman of the Senate Public Health Committee. Throughout his long legislative career, Bill was given ‘Best Legislator’ awards by numerous Illinois organizations. Bill brings to Acannability both legislative insight as well as new venture experience in a variety of industries including food service and real estate development where he has developed multiple high-rise towers in Chicago’s River North neighborhood.
Background info
Myricetin (MYC) is a flavonoid compound that is found not only in cannabis but also in a variety of other plants, including berries, onions, and certain vegetables. It belongs to the flavonol subclass of flavonoids and is known for its potential health benefits. In cannabis, myricetin is one of several flavonoids present in the plant, contributing to the complex chemical profile of the cannabis plant. Myricetin has gained attention for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, which make it a subject of interest in medical and therapeutic research. These properties suggest that myricetin may play a role in protecting cells from oxidative damage and reducing inflammation, which are factors associated with various chronic diseases. However, the specific actions and potential therapeutic applications of myricetin in the context of cannabis are still an area of ongoing investigation, and more research is needed to fully understand its effects and potential benefits.
MYC as antioxidant
The article titled “Antioxidant activity of quercetin and myricetin in liposomes” by Michael H. Gordon and Andrea Roedig-Penman, published in the Chemistry and Physics of Lipids in 1998, provides valuable insights into the antioxidant properties of myricetin. The study investigates the antioxidant activity of myricetin in liposomes, which are lipid-based structures that mimic cell membranes. The research findings demonstrate that myricetin exhibits significant antioxidant activity in this model system, effectively protecting liposomes from oxidative damage. This suggests that myricetin has the ability to scavenge free radicals and reduce lipid peroxidation, which are processes associated with oxidative stress and cellular damage. Myricetin’s antioxidant properties are attributed to its chemical structure, which includes multiple hydroxyl groups that can neutralize reactive oxygen species. Additionally, according to “Myricetin suppresses oxidative stress-induced cell damage via both direct and indirect antioxidant action” by Zhi Hong Wang et al., Myricetin indirectly enhances the cellular antioxidant defense systems, such as the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT). These findings underscore myricetin’s potential as a potent natural antioxidant, which may have applications in protecting cells and tissues from oxidative stress-related diseases and conditions, including cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative disorders, and cancer. However, further research is needed to explore its effects in vivo and its practical applications in human health.
MYC as anti-inflammatory
The article titled “Myricetin attenuates LPS-induced inflammation in RAW 264.7 macrophages and mouse models” by Wei Hou et al., published in Future Medicinal Chemistry in 2018, provides valuable insights into the anti-inflammatory properties of myricetin. The study demonstrates that myricetin effectively attenuates inflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in both macrophage cell models and mouse models. Myricetin’s ability to reduce the production of pro-inflammatory molecules and cytokines suggests its potential as an anti-inflammatory agent. The article “Myricetin: A comprehensive review on its biological potentials” by Imran et al., explains myricetin’s ability to modulate various inflammatory pathways and signaling molecules, including cytokines and enzymes like cyclooxygenase (COX) and lipoxygenase (LOX), which are central players in the inflammatory response. The findings highlight myricetin’s capacity to modulate the immune response and suppress the inflammatory process, making it a promising candidate for the development of anti-inflammatory therapies. However, while this research underscores the potential benefits of myricetin in managing inflammation, further studies and clinical trials would be necessary to confirm its efficacy and safety for use in human inflammatory conditions.
MYC as anti-tumor
The article titled “Anti-tumor effects and associated molecular mechanisms of myricetin” by Min Jiang et al., published in Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy in 2019, provides a comprehensive analysis of the anti-tumor properties of myricetin. The study delves into the mechanisms underlying myricetin’s potential as an anticancer agent. Myricetin, a flavonoid found in various fruits and vegetables, is shown to exert anti-tumor effects through several molecular pathways. It is reported to inhibit cancer cell proliferation, induce apoptosis (programmed cell death) in cancer cells, and interfere with tumor angiogenesis and metastasis. These actions are attributed to myricetin’s ability to modulate various cellular signaling pathways, including those related to inflammation and oxidative stress. Additionally, myricetin is noted for its potential to enhance the effectiveness of conventional cancer therapies and mitigate their side effects. While the study provides valuable insights, further research, including clinical trials, is needed to validate myricetin’s efficacy and safety as a potential therapeutic agent in cancer treatment. Nonetheless, these findings highlight the promising potential of myricetin in the fight against cancer and its multifaceted role in suppressing tumor growth.
Background info
Tetrahydrocannabivarinic acid A (THCVA-A) is a lesser-known cannabinoid compound found in the cannabis plant. It is a derivative of cannabigerolic acid (CBGA), which is a precursor for various cannabinoids in the cannabis plant. THCVA-A is a non-psychoactive cannabinoid, meaning it does not produce the intoxicating effects commonly associated with delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). While research on THCVA-A is limited compared to other cannabinoids like THC and CBD, it is believed to have potential therapeutic properties. Some preliminary studies suggest that THCVA-A may exhibit anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, and appetite-suppressing effects. However, much more research is needed to fully understand the pharmacological properties and potential medical applications of THCVA-A, as well as its interaction with other cannabinoids and compounds in the cannabis plant.
THCVA-A as anti-inflammatory
In the Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics article by Petrosino et al. (2018), the authors provide valuable insights into the anti-inflammatory properties of tetrahydrocannabivarinic acid A (THCVA-A). Through a comprehensive experimental approach, the study explores the potential of THCVA-A as a potent anti-inflammatory agent. By examining its effects on immune cell activation, cytokine production, and signaling pathways, the researchers demonstrate that THCVA-A possesses notable anti-inflammatory properties. The study highlights THCVA-A’s ability to modulate the immune response by suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokines and inhibiting key cellular pathways involved in inflammation. These findings contribute to the understanding of the pharmacological actions of THCVA-A, adding to the growing body of research that investigates the potential therapeutic applications of minor cannabinoids. The study underscores the importance of exploring diverse cannabinoids beyond the well-studied compounds like THC and CBD, emphasizing their potential in developing novel anti-inflammatory interventions for various inflammatory conditions.
Background info
Cannabidiolic acid, or CBDA, is a naturally occurring compound found in the cannabis plant, particularly in hemp varieties. CBDA is the precursor to CBD (cannabidiol) and is typically present in higher concentrations in raw, unprocessed cannabis plants. It is produced through the enzymatic conversion of CBGA (cannabigerolic acid) and undergoes decarboxylation when exposed to heat, transforming into CBD. While CBDA itself is not known for its direct therapeutic properties, it has garnered attention for its potential health benefits. Some research suggests that CBDA may have anti-inflammatory and anti-nausea properties, making it a subject of interest in the development of new pharmaceuticals and natural remedies. As the scientific understanding of cannabinoids continues to evolve, CBDA is becoming increasingly recognized for its potential role in the medicinal and wellness applications of cannabis and hemp-derived products.
CBDA as anti-hyperalgesic
The study conducted by Rock et al. in their article “Effect of Cannabidiolic Acid and ∆9-Tetrahydrocannabinol on Carrageenan-Induced Hyperalgesia and Edema in a Rodent Model of Inflammatory Pain,” published in Psychopharmacology in 2018, investigates the potential anti-hyperalgesic effects of cannabidiolic acid (CBDA) and ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol (∆9-THC) in a rodent model of inflammatory pain induced by carrageenan. The findings demonstrate that CBDA exhibits significant anti-hyperalgesic effects by reducing pain sensitivity and inflammatory responses in the carrageenan-induced model. Moreover, CBDA’s effects are observed without the psychotropic effects associated with ∆9-THC, highlighting its potential as a non-intoxicating alternative for pain management. Similarly, the study conducted by Vigli et al. in 2021, titled “Chronic Treatment with Cannabidiolic Acid (CBDA) Reduces Thermal Pain Sensitivity in Male Mice and Rescues the Hyperalgesia in a Mouse Model of Rett Syndrome,” provides valuable insights into the anti-hyperalgesic effects of cannabidiolic acid (CBDA) in both healthy male mice and a mouse model of Rett syndrome. The research investigates CBDA’s potential to alleviate thermal pain sensitivity and hyperalgesia, particularly in the context of Rett syndrome, a neurodevelopmental disorder associated with chronic pain. The results indicate that chronic administration of CBDA leads to a reduction in thermal pain sensitivity in healthy mice and effectively rescues hyperalgesia in the Rett syndrome mouse model. These findings highlight CBDA’s analgesic properties and its ability to counteract heightened pain sensitivity in a challenging condition such as Rett syndrome. The exploration of CBDA’s anti-hyperalgesic effects furthers our understanding of its pharmacological properties and its potential as a novel approach to alleviating neuropathic pain, though further research is warranted to comprehensively assess its mechanisms of action and clinical applicability.
CBDA as antiemetic
In the study conducted by Rock et al. (2020) titled “Evaluation of Repeated or Acute Treatment with Cannabidiol (CBD), Cannabidiolic Acid (CBDA) or CBDA Methyl Ester (HU-580) on Nausea and/or Vomiting in Rats and Shrews,” the authors investigate the antiemetic effects of cannabidiolic acid (CBDA) and its methyl ester derivative (HU-580), both in acute and repeated treatment scenarios. Through experiments involving rats and shrews, the research explores the potential of CBDA and HU-580 to alleviate nausea and vomiting. The findings reveal that both CBDA and HU-580 exhibit significant antiemetic effects, supporting their potential as therapeutic agents for managing these symptoms. Following her 2020 study, Rock also had a study in 2021 called “Therapeutic Potential of Cannabidiol, Cannabidiolic Acid, and Cannabidiolic Acid Methyl Ester as Treatments for Nausea and Vomiting” with findings that suggest that CBDA exhibits significant antiemetic properties, particularly in comparison to CBD, with the potential to alleviate nausea and vomiting. These studies underscore CBDA’s potential as a promising therapeutic option for individuals experiencing nausea and vomiting, highlighting its unique mechanism of action and paving the way for further investigations into its clinical applications for managing these distressing symptoms.
In the article by Boulebd (2022) titled “Is Cannabidiolic Acid an Overlooked Natural Antioxidant? Insights from Quantum Chemistry Calculations,” the author delves into the potential antioxidant effects of cannabidiolic acid (CBDA) using quantum chemistry calculations. Through computational analyses, the study aims to shed light on CBDA’s capacity to act as a natural antioxidant, a property that may have been previously overlooked. The research employs sophisticated techniques to assess CBDA’s ability to scavenge free radicals and its potential to counteract oxidative stress. The findings from quantum chemistry calculations suggest that CBDA indeed exhibits antioxidant properties, which could contribute to its potential therapeutic applications beyond its known effects. This study adds valuable insight to the growing body of research exploring the multifaceted pharmacological effects of CBDA, highlighting its potential as a natural antioxidant and inspiring further investigations into its medical and health-promoting benefits.
Background info
Cannabidiolic acid, or CBDA, is a naturally occurring compound found in the cannabis plant, particularly in hemp varieties. CBDA is the precursor to CBD (cannabidiol) and is typically present in higher concentrations in raw, unprocessed cannabis plants. It is produced through the enzymatic conversion of CBGA (cannabigerolic acid) and undergoes decarboxylation when exposed to heat, transforming into CBD. While CBDA itself is not known for its direct therapeutic properties, it has garnered attention for its potential health benefits. Some research suggests that CBDA may have anti-inflammatory and anti-nausea properties, making it a subject of interest in the development of new pharmaceuticals and natural remedies. As the scientific understanding of cannabinoids continues to evolve, CBDA is becoming increasingly recognized for its potential role in the medicinal and wellness applications of cannabis and hemp-derived products.
CBDA as anti-hyperalgesic
The study conducted by Rock et al. in their article “Effect of Cannabidiolic Acid and ∆9-Tetrahydrocannabinol on Carrageenan-Induced Hyperalgesia and Edema in a Rodent Model of Inflammatory Pain,” published in Psychopharmacology in 2018, investigates the potential anti-hyperalgesic effects of cannabidiolic acid (CBDA) and ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol (∆9-THC) in a rodent model of inflammatory pain induced by carrageenan. The findings demonstrate that CBDA exhibits significant anti-hyperalgesic effects by reducing pain sensitivity and inflammatory responses in the carrageenan-induced model. Moreover, CBDA’s effects are observed without the psychotropic effects associated with ∆9-THC, highlighting its potential as a non-intoxicating alternative for pain management. Similarly, the study conducted by Vigli et al. in 2021, titled “Chronic Treatment with Cannabidiolic Acid (CBDA) Reduces Thermal Pain Sensitivity in Male Mice and Rescues the Hyperalgesia in a Mouse Model of Rett Syndrome,” provides valuable insights into the anti-hyperalgesic effects of cannabidiolic acid (CBDA) in both healthy male mice and a mouse model of Rett syndrome. The research investigates CBDA’s potential to alleviate thermal pain sensitivity and hyperalgesia, particularly in the context of Rett syndrome, a neurodevelopmental disorder associated with chronic pain. The results indicate that chronic administration of CBDA leads to a reduction in thermal pain sensitivity in healthy mice and effectively rescues hyperalgesia in the Rett syndrome mouse model. These findings highlight CBDA’s analgesic properties and its ability to counteract heightened pain sensitivity in a challenging condition such as Rett syndrome. The exploration of CBDA’s anti-hyperalgesic effects furthers our understanding of its pharmacological properties and its potential as a novel approach to alleviating neuropathic pain, though further research is warranted to comprehensively assess its mechanisms of action and clinical applicability.
CBDA as antiemetic
In the study conducted by Rock et al. (2020) titled “Evaluation of Repeated or Acute Treatment with Cannabidiol (CBD), Cannabidiolic Acid (CBDA) or CBDA Methyl Ester (HU-580) on Nausea and/or Vomiting in Rats and Shrews,” the authors investigate the antiemetic effects of cannabidiolic acid (CBDA) and its methyl ester derivative (HU-580), both in acute and repeated treatment scenarios. Through experiments involving rats and shrews, the research explores the potential of CBDA and HU-580 to alleviate nausea and vomiting. The findings reveal that both CBDA and HU-580 exhibit significant antiemetic effects, supporting their potential as therapeutic agents for managing these symptoms. Following her 2020 study, Rock also had a study in 2021 called “Therapeutic Potential of Cannabidiol, Cannabidiolic Acid, and Cannabidiolic Acid Methyl Ester as Treatments for Nausea and Vomiting” with findings that suggest that CBDA exhibits significant antiemetic properties, particularly in comparison to CBD, with the potential to alleviate nausea and vomiting. These studies underscore CBDA’s potential as a promising therapeutic option for individuals experiencing nausea and vomiting, highlighting its unique mechanism of action and paving the way for further investigations into its clinical applications for managing these distressing symptoms.
In the article by Boulebd (2022) titled “Is Cannabidiolic Acid an Overlooked Natural Antioxidant? Insights from Quantum Chemistry Calculations,” the author delves into the potential antioxidant effects of cannabidiolic acid (CBDA) using quantum chemistry calculations. Through computational analyses, the study aims to shed light on CBDA’s capacity to act as a natural antioxidant, a property that may have been previously overlooked. The research employs sophisticated techniques to assess CBDA’s ability to scavenge free radicals and its potential to counteract oxidative stress. The findings from quantum chemistry calculations suggest that CBDA indeed exhibits antioxidant properties, which could contribute to its potential therapeutic applications beyond its known effects. This study adds valuable insight to the growing body of research exploring the multifaceted pharmacological effects of CBDA, highlighting its potential as a natural antioxidant and inspiring further investigations into its medical and health-promoting benefits.
Background info
Tetrahydrocannabinolic acid, often abbreviated as THCA, is a naturally occurring cannabinoid found in raw cannabis plants. THCA is the non-psychoactive precursor to delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the well-known psychoactive compound in cannabis. THCA is found in relatively high concentrations in freshly harvested cannabis and only converts into THC through a process called decarboxylation, which involves the application of heat or light. This conversion occurs when cannabis is smoked, vaporized, or heated during cooking, which is why these methods are used to activate the psychoactive properties of THC. In its raw form, THCA is not intoxicating but is believed to offer potential therapeutic benefits, including anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties, although research in this area is ongoing. THCA-rich products, such as cannabis tinctures or raw juices, are sought after by some individuals for their potential medicinal effects without the psychoactive “high” associated with THC.
THCA as anti-inflammatory
In the study conducted by Nallathambi et al. (2017) titled “Anti-Inflammatory Activity in Colon Models Is Derived from Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinolic Acid That Interacts with Additional Compounds in Cannabis Extracts,” the researchers investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA) within the context of colon models. Through experiments on colon tissues and cells, the research highlights that THCA contributes significantly to the anti-inflammatory effects of cannabis extracts. The findings suggest that THCA interacts with other compounds present in the cannabis extracts to exert its anti-inflammatory activity. Likewise, in the study by Carmona-Hidalgo et al. (2021) titled “Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinolic Acid Markedly Alleviates Liver Fibrosis and Inflammation in Mice,” the researchers explore the potential anti-inflammatory effects of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA) in the context of liver fibrosis and inflammation. Through their investigation, the authors demonstrate that THCA treatment significantly reduces liver fibrosis and inflammation in mice, indicating its therapeutic potential in addressing liver-related inflammatory conditions. The study provides evidence that THCA administration leads to a decrease in inflammatory markers and fibrotic tissue in the liver, pointing to its ability to modulate the inflammatory response and mitigate pathological changes associated with liver disease. The findings suggest that THCA holds promise as a natural compound for managing liver inflammation and fibrosis, shedding light on its potential as a therapeutic agent in addressing hepatic inflammatory disorders.
THCA as antiemetic
In the study conducted by Rock et al. (2013), titled “THCA, Emesis and Nausea,” the researchers investigate the antiemetic properties of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA) in the context of its potential to alleviate emesis (vomiting) and nausea. The authors employed a rat model to assess the impact of THCA on these symptoms. Their findings suggest that THCA exerts notable antiemetic effects by effectively reducing both the frequency and duration of vomiting episodes induced by various stimuli. Additionally, the study indicates that THCA administration also leads to a reduction in conditioned gaping, which is a measure of anticipatory nausea in rats. These results highlight THCA’s potential as a therapeutic candidate for managing emesis and nausea, and the study contributes to the understanding of how this compound may hold promise in addressing these distressing symptoms, making it a potential target for antiemetic drug development.
THCA as neuroprotective
In the research conducted by Nadal et al. (2017) titled “Tetrahydrocannabinolic Acid is a Potent PPARγ Agonist with Neuroprotective Activity,” the authors explore the neuroprotective effects of tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA) and its potential mechanisms of action. The study focuses on the compound’s interaction with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), a transcription factor involved in various cellular processes, including neuroprotection. The findings indicate that THCA exhibits significant PPARγ agonist activity and demonstrates neuroprotective effects in vitro and in vivo models of neurodegenerative diseases. This suggests that THCA’s neuroprotective actions might be mediated, at least in part, through its interaction with PPARγ. The study highlights the potential therapeutic relevance of THCA as a PPARγ agonist, shedding light on its capacity to modulate neuroprotective pathways, which could be of considerable importance in the development of novel strategies for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. In the article “Can You Pass the Acid Test? Critical Review and Novel Therapeutic Perspectives of Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinolic Acid A” by Moreno-Sanz (2016), the author delves into the potential neuroprotective effects of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid A (THCA-A), the raw, non-psychoactive precursor of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). The article provides an in-depth examination of the available evidence regarding the neuroprotective properties of THCA-A. It discusses its potential mechanisms of action, which include antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, as well as interactions with neurotransmitter systems. The author highlights the various preclinical studies that suggest THCA-A could have beneficial effects on neurodegenerative diseases and brain injuries. However, Moreno-Sanz also points out the limitations and gaps in current research, emphasizing the need for further investigation to fully understand the neuroprotective potential of THCA-A. The article serves as a comprehensive overview of the existing knowledge about THCA-A’s effects on neuronal health and underscores the potential therapeutic applications of this cannabinoid acid in the context of neuroprotection.
Background info
Cannabinolic Acid (CBNA) is the acid of CBN, meaning it has many of the same heath benefits. CBNA is known to possess antibacterial properties, cue appetite stimulation, provide relief from glaucoma symptoms, have anti-inflammatory and anticonvulsant properties, and helps bone loss reversal. It even has a few anti-cancer properties as it induces cancer cell death, but more research must be conducted to see the full value of this acid. The medicinal effects of CBNA are promising and future studies will hopefully continue to support them.
Background info
Cannabigerolic acid, commonly known as CBGA, is a pivotal precursor cannabinoid in the cannabis plant’s biosynthetic pathway. It serves as the foundational compound from which other major cannabinoids, such as THC (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol), CBD (cannabidiol), and CBC (cannabichromene), are synthesized through enzymatic processes. CBGA is typically present in relatively high concentrations during the early stages of the cannabis plant’s growth, but as the plant matures, it gets converted into other cannabinoids. While CBGA itself is not known for producing significant physiological effects, it plays a crucial role in determining the final cannabinoid profile of a cannabis strain. Researchers are increasingly recognizing the importance of CBGA in understanding the genetic and chemical diversity of cannabis, and its potential applications in breeding and pharmaceutical development are areas of growing interest in the field of cannabis science.
CBGA as anti-diabetic
The research conducted by Garg et al. in their article “Anti-Diabetic Effect of Cannabigerolic Acid (CBGA) in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats,” published in the Journal of Cardiovascular Disease Research in 2021, delves into the potential anti-diabetic effects of cannabigerolic acid (CBGA). The study aims to explore the impact of CBGA in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, a widely used model to study diabetes. The findings reveal that CBGA exerts anti-diabetic effects by improving various parameters related to diabetes, such as glucose levels, insulin sensitivity, lipid profiles, and antioxidant status. These results suggest that CBGA might offer potential therapeutic benefits in managing diabetes by modulating metabolic pathways and oxidative stress. The study contributes to the growing body of evidence suggesting that cannabinoids, including lesser-known compounds like CBGA, might hold promise as a complementary approach to diabetes management. Further investigations are warranted to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and to evaluate the translational potential of CBGA-based interventions for diabetes treatment.
Inflammation, Anti-Depressant, Mood Altering, Cancer, Anti- Tumor growth, Neuroprotection, Anti- Anxiety, Mood Stabilizing
Apigenin (APG) is a naturally occurring flavonoid found in various plants, including cannabis (Cannabis sativa). It is one of the many phytochemical compounds present in the cannabis plant, contributing to its complex chemical composition. Apigenin is widely recognized for its potential health benefits and therapeutic properties. In cannabis, it is often found in significant quantities, particularly in strains that have a higher CBD (cannabidiol) to THC (tetrahydrocannabinol) ratio. Apigenin has gained attention for its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anxiolytic (anxiety-reducing), and potentially neuroprotective effects. Additionally, it is being studied for its possible role in enhancing the therapeutic properties of cannabinoids like CBD. The presence of Apigenin in cannabis underscores the plant’s potential as a source of various bioactive compounds with diverse health-related applications. Further research is ongoing to elucidate the specific mechanisms and potential medical uses of Apigenin in cannabis and other plant sources.
The article titled “Apigenin, a component of Matricaria recutita flowers, is a central benzodiazepine receptors-ligand with anxiolytic effects” by Viola et al., published in Planta Medica, presents an intriguing investigation into the anxiolytic properties of Apigenin. The study explores Apigenin’s interaction with central benzodiazepine receptors, which are known to play a crucial role in anxiety regulation. The research findings suggest that Apigenin acts as a ligand for these receptors, demonstrating its anxiolytic effects. Researchers also came to the same conclusion in the article “Apigenin: The Anxiolytic Constituent of Turnera aphrodisiaca” as they suggested that Apigenin has the potential to reduce anxiety and promote relaxation, making it a valuable natural compound for addressing anxiety-related disorders. Such discoveries provide valuable insights into the potential therapeutic applications of Apigenin as a natural remedy for anxiety-related conditions, offering an alternative approach to traditional anxiolytic medications with potentially fewer side effects. Further research is warranted to better understand the precise mechanisms and clinical efficacy of Apigenin in managing anxiety disorders.
In the article titled “Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Apigenin in Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammatory in Acute Lung Injury by Suppressing COX-2 and NF-kB Pathway” by Wang et al., published in Inflammation in 2014, the authors investigate the anti-inflammatory properties of Apigenin. The study focuses on its potential in mitigating inflammation induced by lipopolysaccharides (LPS) in acute lung injury. The findings reveal that Apigenin effectively suppresses the expression of COX-2 (cyclooxygenase-2) and inhibits the NF-kB (nuclear factor-kappa B) pathway, both of which play pivotal roles in the inflammatory response. By doing so, Apigenin demonstrates its anti-inflammatory capabilities in countering the LPS-induced inflammation, highlighting its potential as a natural compound for managing inflammatory conditions, particularly those related to lung injury. The findings in “Anti-inflammatory activity of structurally related flavonoids, Apigenin, Luteolin and Fisetin” by Megumi Funakoshi-Tago et al., also indicate that Apigenin exhibits significant anti-inflammatory activity. This property can be attributed to its ability to modulate key inflammatory signaling pathways and inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and mediators. Apigenin’s capacity to reduce inflammation is of particular interest as chronic inflammation is associated with various diseases, including cancer and autoimmune disorders. This research provides valuable insights into Apigenin’s mechanism of action and its therapeutic potential as an anti-inflammatory agent, contributing to our understanding of its role in alleviating inflammatory disorders.
The article titled “Antidepressant-like behavioral and neurochemical effects of the citrus-associated chemical apigenin” by Li-Tao Yi et al., published in Life Sciences in 2008, provides insights into the antidepressant properties of Apigenin. This study explores Apigenin’s impact on behavior and neurochemistry, demonstrating its potential as an antidepressant agent. The research findings suggest that Apigenin exhibits antidepressant-like effects, which are supported by observed behavioral improvements in animal models. These effects are further substantiated by neurochemical changes in serotonin levels and the upregulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), both of which are associated with mood regulation and depression. Apigenin’s ability to modulate these neurochemical pathways highlights its potential as a natural compound for the treatment of depressive disorders. While the study provides promising evidence, additional research, including clinical trials, would be necessary to validate its efficacy and safety for human use as an antidepressant.
Testimonial
Inflammation, Anti-Depressant, Mood Altering, Cancer, Anti- Tumor growth, Neuroprotection, Anti- Anxiety, Mood Stabilizing
Apigenin (APG) is a naturally occurring flavonoid found in various plants, including cannabis (Cannabis sativa). It is one of the many phytochemical compounds present in the cannabis plant, contributing to its complex chemical composition. Apigenin is widely recognized for its potential health benefits and therapeutic properties. In cannabis, it is often found in significant quantities, particularly in strains that have a higher CBD (cannabidiol) to THC (tetrahydrocannabinol) ratio. Apigenin has gained attention for its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anxiolytic (anxiety-reducing), and potentially neuroprotective effects. Additionally, it is being studied for its possible role in enhancing the therapeutic properties of cannabinoids like CBD. The presence of Apigenin in cannabis underscores the plant’s potential as a source of various bioactive compounds with diverse health-related applications. Further research is ongoing to elucidate the specific mechanisms and potential medical uses of Apigenin in cannabis and other plant sources.
The article titled “Apigenin, a component of Matricaria recutita flowers, is a central benzodiazepine receptors-ligand with anxiolytic effects” by Viola et al., published in Planta Medica, presents an intriguing investigation into the anxiolytic properties of Apigenin. The study explores Apigenin’s interaction with central benzodiazepine receptors, which are known to play a crucial role in anxiety regulation. The research findings suggest that Apigenin acts as a ligand for these receptors, demonstrating its anxiolytic effects. Researchers also came to the same conclusion in the article “Apigenin: The Anxiolytic Constituent of Turnera aphrodisiaca” as they suggested that Apigenin has the potential to reduce anxiety and promote relaxation, making it a valuable natural compound for addressing anxiety-related disorders. Such discoveries provide valuable insights into the potential therapeutic applications of Apigenin as a natural remedy for anxiety-related conditions, offering an alternative approach to traditional anxiolytic medications with potentially fewer side effects. Further research is warranted to better understand the precise mechanisms and clinical efficacy of Apigenin in managing anxiety disorders.
In the article titled “Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Apigenin in Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammatory in Acute Lung Injury by Suppressing COX-2 and NF-kB Pathway” by Wang et al., published in Inflammation in 2014, the authors investigate the anti-inflammatory properties of Apigenin. The study focuses on its potential in mitigating inflammation induced by lipopolysaccharides (LPS) in acute lung injury. The findings reveal that Apigenin effectively suppresses the expression of COX-2 (cyclooxygenase-2) and inhibits the NF-kB (nuclear factor-kappa B) pathway, both of which play pivotal roles in the inflammatory response. By doing so, Apigenin demonstrates its anti-inflammatory capabilities in countering the LPS-induced inflammation, highlighting its potential as a natural compound for managing inflammatory conditions, particularly those related to lung injury. The findings in “Anti-inflammatory activity of structurally related flavonoids, Apigenin, Luteolin and Fisetin” by Megumi Funakoshi-Tago et al., also indicate that Apigenin exhibits significant anti-inflammatory activity. This property can be attributed to its ability to modulate key inflammatory signaling pathways and inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and mediators. Apigenin’s capacity to reduce inflammation is of particular interest as chronic inflammation is associated with various diseases, including cancer and autoimmune disorders. This research provides valuable insights into Apigenin’s mechanism of action and its therapeutic potential as an anti-inflammatory agent, contributing to our understanding of its role in alleviating inflammatory disorders.
The article titled “Antidepressant-like behavioral and neurochemical effects of the citrus-associated chemical apigenin” by Li-Tao Yi et al., published in Life Sciences in 2008, provides insights into the antidepressant properties of Apigenin. This study explores Apigenin’s impact on behavior and neurochemistry, demonstrating its potential as an antidepressant agent. The research findings suggest that Apigenin exhibits antidepressant-like effects, which are supported by observed behavioral improvements in animal models. These effects are further substantiated by neurochemical changes in serotonin levels and the upregulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), both of which are associated with mood regulation and depression. Apigenin’s ability to modulate these neurochemical pathways highlights its potential as a natural compound for the treatment of depressive disorders. While the study provides promising evidence, additional research, including clinical trials, would be necessary to validate its efficacy and safety for human use as an antidepressant.
Testimonial
Background info
Luteolin (LTL) is a naturally occurring flavonoid that is found not only in cannabis but also in various other plants, including fruits, vegetables, and herbs. It is a polyphenolic compound known for its potential health benefits and antioxidant properties. In cannabis, luteolin is one of several flavonoids present in the plant, and it contributes to the complex chemical profile of the cannabis plant. Luteolin is believed to have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and neuroprotective properties, making it an area of interest in medical and therapeutic research. Some studies suggest that luteolin may play a role in modulating the endocannabinoid system and could potentially influence the effects of other compounds found in cannabis, such as cannabinoids. However, further research is needed to fully understand the specific actions and potential therapeutic applications of luteolin in the context of cannabis.
LTL as an antioxidant
The article titled “Anti-Oxidant, Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Allergic Activities of Luteolin” by Seelinger, Merfort, and Schempp, highlights the antioxidant properties of luteolin. The study underscores luteolin’s role as a potent antioxidant, emphasizing its ability to neutralize harmful free radicals and reduce oxidative stress. Luteolin’s antioxidant activity is crucial in protecting cells and tissues from damage caused by reactive oxygen species, which are implicated in various chronic diseases and aging processes. Additionally, the article discusses luteolin’s anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic activities, suggesting that its antioxidant properties may play a significant role in these effects as well. By scavenging free radicals and mitigating oxidative stress, luteolin has the potential to contribute to overall health and may be a promising natural compound for preventing and managing conditions associated with inflammation and allergies. This research underscores the multifaceted benefits of luteolin, particularly in the context of its antioxidant properties, which have important implications for health and disease prevention.
LTL as neuroprotective
The article titled “Luteolin provides neuroprotection in models of traumatic brain injury via the Nrf2–ARE pathway” by Jianguo Xu et al., published in Free Radical Biology and Medicine in 2014, offers insights into the neuroprotective properties of Luteolin. The study investigates how Luteolin exerts its neuroprotective effects in models of traumatic brain injury (TBI) through the Nrf2–ARE pathway. The findings suggest that Luteolin activates the Nrf2-ARE (nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2-antioxidant response element) pathway, which is a key cellular defense mechanism against oxidative stress and inflammation. This activation leads to the upregulation of antioxidant enzymes and other cytoprotective factors, helping to mitigate the detrimental effects of TBI on brain tissue. Consequently, Luteolin emerges as a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of traumatic brain injuries, offering promise for its ability to enhance the brain’s natural defense mechanisms and reduce the neurological damage associated with such injuries. Nevertheless, further research and clinical studies are essential to validate its efficacy and safety in humans as a neuroprotective agent.
LTL as anti-inflammatory
The article titled “Anti-inflammatory effects of luteolin: A review of in vitro, in vivo, and in silico studies” by Nur Aziz et al., published in the Journal of Ethnopharmacology in 2018, provides a comprehensive analysis of the anti-inflammatory properties of luteolin. This review encompasses a wide range of research studies, including in vitro, in vivo, and in silico experiments, highlighting the diverse and substantial evidence supporting luteolin’s anti-inflammatory effects. Luteolin, a naturally occurring flavonoid found in various plants, and its glucoside derivative, Luteolin 7-Glucoside, are shown to possess potent anti-inflammatory properties by inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines, enzymes, and signaling pathways. Luteolin modulates immune responses and reduces the production of inflammatory mediators, making it a promising candidate for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. The collective findings from this review emphasize the potential of luteolin as a natural anti-inflammatory agent, paving the way for further investigations and potential therapeutic applications in conditions characterized by chronic inflammation.
LTL as anti-tumor
The article titled “Research Progress with Luteolin as an Anti-Tumor Agent” by Cai Z. et al., published in Natural Product Communications in 2022, provides insights into the anti-tumor properties of Luteolin. The study reviews and discusses the progress in utilizing Luteolin as an anti-tumor agent, shedding light on its potential in cancer prevention and therapy. Luteolin is shown to exhibit anti-tumor effects through various mechanisms, including the inhibition of cancer cell proliferation, induction of apoptosis (programmed cell death), and modulation of signaling pathways involved in tumor growth and metastasis. In the article “Anti-tumor promoting potential of luteolin against 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced mammary tumors in rats” by Ramar Perumal Samy et al., researchers investigated luteolin’s ability to inhibit tumor promotion in a rat model of mammary tumors induced by a carcinogenic compound. The research findings suggest that luteolin possesses significant anti-tumor promoting potential, as it effectively reduces the development of mammary tumors in the experimental rats. This effect is attributed to luteolin’s ability to modulate various cellular processes involved in carcinogenesis, including inflammation and oxidative stress. Additionally, Luteolin’s antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties contribute to its potential in preventing and combating cancer. The article underscores the importance of continued research into Luteolin’s therapeutic applications in cancer treatment, highlighting its promise as a natural compound that may complement existing cancer therapies or serve as a basis for the development of novel anti-tumor agents.
Background info
Quercetin (QUC) is a flavonoid compound that is found in various plants, including cannabis. It is a polyphenolic substance known for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and potential health-promoting properties. In cannabis, quercetin is one of several flavonoids present, contributing to the plant’s complex chemical composition. Quercetin has garnered attention for its interaction with the endocannabinoid system, which plays a crucial role in regulating various physiological processes in the human body. While research on quercetin’s specific effects within cannabis is limited, its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties suggest that it may have potential therapeutic applications, particularly in the context of medical cannabis where the interplay of various compounds is of interest. Further studies are needed to elucidate the precise role and therapeutic potential of quercetin in cannabis and its impact on the overall physiological effects of the plant.
QUC as antioxidant
The article titled “A Review Of Quercetin: Antioxidant and Anticancer Properties” by Bahgel et al., discusses the antioxidant properties of Quercetin. Quercetin is known for its robust antioxidant activity, which plays a crucial role in protecting cells and tissues from oxidative stress and damage caused by free radicals. As a potent scavenger of free radicals, Quercetin helps to neutralize these harmful molecules, thereby reducing the risk of oxidative damage to DNA, proteins, and lipids. This antioxidant capability is particularly relevant in the context of cancer prevention and therapy since oxidative stress is implicated in the initiation and progression of various cancers. Quercetin’s ability to counteract oxidative stress contributes to its potential anticancer properties, making it a valuable subject of research for its role in promoting overall health and well-being. While this review underscores Quercetin’s antioxidant attributes, further research is required to explore its specific mechanisms of action and its full potential in preventing and treating cancer and other oxidative stress-related conditions.
QUC as Anti-inflammatory
The article titled “Anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative, and anti-atherosclerotic effects of quercetin in human in vitro and in vivo models” by Robert Kleemann et al., published in Atherosclerosis in 2011, presents compelling evidence regarding the anti-inflammatory properties of quercetin. This study investigates quercetin’s effects in both in vitro and in vivo models, demonstrating its ability to reduce inflammation. Quercetin is shown to have anti-inflammatory effects by suppressing inflammatory mediators and pathways, which play a crucial role in the development of atherosclerosis and other chronic inflammatory conditions. Additionally, the study suggests that quercetin has anti-proliferative properties, potentially hindering the growth of cells associated with atherosclerotic plaques. These findings underscore quercetin’s potential as a natural anti-inflammatory agent, with implications for the management and prevention of atherosclerosis and other inflammatory diseases. While further research and clinical studies are necessary to explore its full therapeutic potential, this study provides valuable insights into the anti-inflammatory properties of quercetin.
QUC as anti-allergy
The article titled “Quercetin with the potential effect on allergic diseases” by Jafarinia et al., published in the journal Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol in 2020, provides valuable insights into the anti-allergy properties of quercetin. Quercetin, a natural flavonoid found in various fruits, vegetables, and herbs, is known for its potential to modulate the immune system and reduce inflammation. The study highlights quercetin’s capacity to mitigate allergic diseases, suggesting that it may be effective in alleviating symptoms associated with allergies such as sneezing, itching, and congestion. Quercetin is thought to exert its anti-allergy effects by inhibiting the release of histamine and other inflammatory mediators, thereby reducing allergic reactions. Additionally, it may help regulate immune responses and suppress the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. While this research underscores quercetin’s potential as a natural remedy for allergic conditions, further clinical studies and trials are necessary to ascertain its efficacy and safety for widespread use in managing allergies. Nonetheless, these findings offer promising prospects for quercetin’s role in the management of allergic diseases.
Myricetin (MYC) is a flavonoid compound that is found not only in cannabis but also in a variety of other plants, including berries, onions, and certain vegetables. It belongs to the flavonol subclass of flavonoids and is known for its potential health benefits. In cannabis, myricetin is one of several flavonoids present in the plant, contributing to the complex chemical profile of the cannabis plant. Myricetin has gained attention for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, which make it a subject of interest in medical and therapeutic research. These properties suggest that myricetin may play a role in protecting cells from oxidative damage and reducing inflammation, which are factors associated with various chronic diseases. However, the specific actions and potential therapeutic applications of myricetin in the context of cannabis are still an area of ongoing investigation, and more research is needed to fully understand its effects and potential benefits.
The article titled "Antioxidant activity of quercetin and myricetin in liposomes" by Michael H. Gordon and Andrea Roedig-Penman, published in the Chemistry and Physics of Lipids in 1998, provides valuable insights into the antioxidant properties of myricetin. The study investigates the antioxidant activity of myricetin in liposomes, which are lipid-based structures that mimic cell membranes. The research findings demonstrate that myricetin exhibits significant antioxidant activity in this model system, effectively protecting liposomes from oxidative damage. This suggests that myricetin has the ability to scavenge free radicals and reduce lipid peroxidation, which are processes associated with oxidative stress and cellular damage. Myricetin's antioxidant properties are attributed to its chemical structure, which includes multiple hydroxyl groups that can neutralize reactive oxygen species. Additionally, according to "Myricetin suppresses oxidative stress-induced cell damage via both direct and indirect antioxidant action" by Zhi Hong Wang et al., Myricetin indirectly enhances the cellular antioxidant defense systems, such as the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT). These findings underscore myricetin's potential as a potent natural antioxidant, which may have applications in protecting cells and tissues from oxidative stress-related diseases and conditions, including cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative disorders, and cancer. However, further research is needed to explore its effects in vivo and its practical applications in human health.
The article titled "Myricetin attenuates LPS-induced inflammation in RAW 264.7 macrophages and mouse models" by Wei Hou et al., published in Future Medicinal Chemistry in 2018, provides valuable insights into the anti-inflammatory properties of myricetin. The study demonstrates that myricetin effectively attenuates inflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in both macrophage cell models and mouse models. Myricetin's ability to reduce the production of pro-inflammatory molecules and cytokines suggests its potential as an anti-inflammatory agent. The article "Myricetin: A comprehensive review on its biological potentials" by Imran et al., explains myricetin’s ability to modulate various inflammatory pathways and signaling molecules, including cytokines and enzymes like cyclooxygenase (COX) and lipoxygenase (LOX), which are central players in the inflammatory response. The findings highlight myricetin's capacity to modulate the immune response and suppress the inflammatory process, making it a promising candidate for the development of anti-inflammatory therapies. However, while this research underscores the potential benefits of myricetin in managing inflammation, further studies and clinical trials would be necessary to confirm its efficacy and safety for use in human inflammatory conditions.
The article titled "Anti-tumor effects and associated molecular mechanisms of myricetin" by Min Jiang et al., published in Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy in 2019, provides a comprehensive analysis of the anti-tumor properties of myricetin. The study delves into the mechanisms underlying myricetin's potential as an anticancer agent. Myricetin, a flavonoid found in various fruits and vegetables, is shown to exert anti-tumor effects through several molecular pathways. It is reported to inhibit cancer cell proliferation, induce apoptosis (programmed cell death) in cancer cells, and interfere with tumor angiogenesis and metastasis. These actions are attributed to myricetin's ability to modulate various cellular signaling pathways, including those related to inflammation and oxidative stress. Additionally, myricetin is noted for its potential to enhance the effectiveness of conventional cancer therapies and mitigate their side effects. While the study provides valuable insights, further research, including clinical trials, is needed to validate myricetin's efficacy and safety as a potential therapeutic agent in cancer treatment. Nonetheless, these findings highlight the promising potential of myricetin in the fight against cancer and its multifaceted role in suppressing tumor growth.
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Background info
Can Flavin B (CFB) is a flavonoid compound found in cannabis, contributing to the complex chemical profile of the plant. Flavonoids are a diverse group of naturally occurring compounds known for their potential health benefits. In the context of cannabis, CFB is one of several flavonoids present in the plant, alongside cannabinoids like THC and CBD. While cannabinoids have been the primary focus of cannabis research, flavonoids like CFB have gained attention for their potential therapeutic properties. CFB is recognized for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, which make it a subject of interest in medical and therapeutic research. These properties suggest that CFB may play a role in protecting cells and tissues from oxidative stress and inflammation, both of which are associated with various chronic diseases. However, the specific actions and potential medical applications of CFB in the context of cannabis are still areas of ongoing investigation, and more research is needed to understand its effects fully and explore its potential benefits.
CFB as anti-inflammatory
The article titled “Cannflavins – From plant to patient: A scoping review” by Simon Erridge et al., published in Fitoterapia in 2020, explores the potential anti-inflammatory properties of Cannflavin B (CFB). Cannflavins are a group of flavonoids found in the cannabis plant, and CFB is one of its constituents. The research discussed in the article suggests that CFB exhibits anti-inflammatory properties that may be beneficial for various health conditions associated with inflammation. These properties stem from CFB’s ability to modulate inflammatory signaling pathways and reduce the production of pro-inflammatory molecules. While the study highlights the anti-inflammatory potential of CFB, further research is necessary to fully understand its mechanisms of action and its efficacy in clinical settings. Nonetheless, these findings underscore the potential of CFB as a natural compound with anti-inflammatory attributes, opening the door to explore its therapeutic applications in addressing inflammatory disorders.
Background info
Vitexin (VIX) is a flavonoid compound found in various plants, including cannabis. Flavonoids are a diverse group of naturally occurring compounds known for their potential health benefits. In cannabis, vitexin is one of several flavonoids present, contributing to the complex chemical composition of the plant. While cannabis is primarily associated with cannabinoids such as THC and CBD, flavonoids like vitexin have gained attention for their potential therapeutic properties. Vitexin is recognized for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, which make it a subject of interest in medical and therapeutic research. These properties suggest that vitexin may play a role in protecting cells and tissues from oxidative stress and inflammation, both of which are implicated in various chronic diseases. However, the specific actions and potential medical applications of vitexin in the context of cannabis are still areas of ongoing investigation, and more research is needed to understand its effects fully and explore its potential benefits.
VIX as anti-inflammatory
The article titled “Vitexin reduces neutrophil migration to the inflammatory focus by down-regulating pro-inflammatory mediators via inhibition of the p38, ERK1/2, and JNK pathway” by Suellen Iara Guirra Rosa et al., published in Phytomedicine in 2016, provides valuable insights into the anti-inflammatory properties of vitexin. The study explores how vitexin can effectively reduce neutrophil migration to inflammatory sites by modulating pro-inflammatory mediators and inhibiting specific signaling pathways, including p38, ERK1/2, and JNK. Neutrophil migration is a key component of the inflammatory response, and excessive or uncontrolled migration can contribute to chronic inflammation and tissue damage. Vitexin’s ability to mitigate this process by regulating pro-inflammatory pathways highlights its potential as an anti-inflammatory agent. These findings suggest that vitexin may have therapeutic applications in conditions characterized by excessive inflammation, although further research is needed to assess its safety and efficacy in clinical settings. Additionally, The study “Pre-treatment but not co-treatment with vitexin alleviates hyperthermia-induced oxidative stress and inflammation in buffalo mammary epithelial cells” by S. Senthamilan et al., suggests that pre-treatment with vitexin can alleviate oxidative stress and inflammation in buffalo mammary epithelial cells exposed to hyperthermia. Indicating that vitexin may have a protective effect against inflammatory responses induced by external stressors. These studies underscore vitexin’s promising role in modulating the inflammatory response, potentially offering a natural and alternative approach to inflammation management.
VIX as an analgesic
The article titled “Vitexin inhibits pain and itch behavior via modulating TRPV4 activity in mice” by Zhiqiang Qin et al., published in Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy in 2023, sheds light on the analgesic properties of vitexin. The study explores how vitexin effectively inhibits pain and itch behavior in mice, suggesting its potential as an analgesic agent. The research findings indicate that vitexin achieves this by modulating the activity of the TRPV4 ion channel, which is known to play a role in pain and itch perception. By targeting TRPV4, vitexin may reduce the transmission of pain and itch signals, providing relief from these sensations. While the study focuses on animal models, these findings highlight the potential of vitexin as a natural compound with analgesic properties, offering a promising avenue for further research in the development of pain-relief treatments. However, additional research, including clinical trials, is needed to confirm its safety and efficacy in humans and explore its practical applications in pain management.
VIX as antinociceptive
The article titled “Antinociceptive effects of vitexin in a mouse model of postoperative pain” by Zhu et al., published in Scientific Reports in 2016, provides valuable insights into the antinociceptive properties of vitexin. The study investigates vitexin’s ability to alleviate postoperative pain in a mouse model. The research findings suggest that vitexin exhibits significant antinociceptive effects, indicating its potential as a pain-relieving compound. This property is particularly significant in the context of postoperative pain management, as it suggests that vitexin could offer a natural and potentially safer alternative to traditional analgesics. The study also suggests that vitexin’s antinociceptive effects may be mediated through the modulation of various pain pathways. While this research offers promising evidence, further studies and clinical trials are needed to validate the efficacy and safety of vitexin in human pain management and to explore its potential as a therapeutic agent for various types of pain disorders. Nonetheless, these findings highlight vitexin’s potential as a natural analgesic compound.
VIX anti-depressant
The article titled “Anti-depressant-like effect of vitexin in BALB/c mice and evidence for the involvement of monoaminergic mechanisms” by Özgür Devrim Can et al., published in the European Journal of Pharmacology in 2013, provides valuable insights into the potential antidepressant properties of Vitexin. This study explores Vitexin’s impact on behavior in mice, suggesting that it exhibits an antidepressant-like effect. The research findings point to the involvement of monoaminergic mechanisms, which are related to the regulation of neurotransmitters like serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine, all of which play crucial roles in mood regulation. Vitexin is suggested to influence these neurotransmitter systems, which are implicated in depression. While the study provides promising evidence for Vitexin’s potential as a natural antidepressant, further research and clinical trials would be necessary to confirm its efficacy and safety in humans. Nonetheless, these findings highlight the potential of Vitexin as a novel compound in the quest for alternative treatments for depressive disorders.
Background info
Isovitexin (ISX) is a flavonoid compound that can be found in various plants, including cannabis. Flavonoids are a diverse group of naturally occurring compounds known for their potential health benefits. In the context of cannabis, isovitexin is one of several flavonoids present in the plant, contributing to its chemical complexity. While cannabis is primarily associated with cannabinoids like THC and CBD, flavonoids like isovitexin have gained attention for their potential therapeutic properties. Isovitexin is recognized for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, which suggest its potential role in protecting cells and tissues from oxidative stress and inflammation, both of which are associated with various chronic diseases. However, the specific actions and potential medical applications of isovitexin in the context of cannabis are still areas of ongoing research, and more studies are needed to fully understand its effects and explore its potential benefits.
ISX as antioxidant
The article titled “Comprehensive Assessment of Antioxidant Activities of Apigenin Isomers: Vitexin and Isovitexin” by Khole et al., published in Free Radicals and Antioxidants in 2016, provides insights into the antioxidant properties of isovitexin (ISX), a flavonoid found in various plants, including cannabis. The study examines the antioxidant activities of isovitexin and its isomer, vitexin, and highlights their potential to combat oxidative stress. The research findings suggest that isovitexin exhibits significant antioxidant properties, which can help neutralize harmful free radicals and reduce oxidative damage to cells and tissues. This antioxidant activity is crucial in protecting against various chronic diseases and age-related conditions. Although the article primarily focuses on the antioxidant properties of isovitexin and its isomer, it underscores the potential health benefits of this flavonoid, suggesting its role in promoting overall well-being and potentially contributing to the prevention of oxidative stress-related disorders.
ISX as anti-inflammatory
The article titled “Isovitexin Exerts Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Oxidant Activities on Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Acute Lung Injury by Inhibiting MAPK and NF-κB and Activating HO-1/Nrf2 Pathways” by Lv et al., published in the International Journal of Biological Sciences in 2016, provides evidence supporting the anti-inflammatory properties of isovitexin (ISX). The study investigates ISX’s effects on lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury and elucidates its mechanisms of action. ISX is found to exert anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting pro-inflammatory pathways, specifically the MAPK and NF-κB pathways, which are associated with the production of inflammatory mediators. Additionally, ISX activates the HO-1/Nrf2 pathways, which are linked to antioxidant defense and anti-inflammatory responses. This dual action of ISX in reducing inflammation and enhancing antioxidant defenses highlights its potential as a natural compound with anti-inflammatory properties. While the research focuses on acute lung injury, these findings suggest that ISX may have broader applications in addressing inflammatory conditions and oxidative stress-related diseases, emphasizing its significance in the realm of natural anti-inflammatory therapies. One example of this is found in the article titled “Isovitexin-mediated regulation of microglial polarization in lipopolysaccharide-induced neuroinflammation via activation of the CAMKKβ/AMPK-PGC-1α signaling axis” by Liu et al., published in Frontiers in 2019. This study highlights the potential anti-inflammatory properties of isovitexin (ISX). It focuses on isovitexin’s role in modulating microglial polarization in the context of neuroinflammation. Microglial cells are key players in the brain’s immune response, and their polarization state can have profound effects on inflammation. The research findings suggest that isovitexin can influence microglial polarization in response to lipopolysaccharide-induced neuroinflammation. This effect is attributed to isovitexin’s ability to activate the CAMKKβ/AMPK-PGC-1α signaling axis, a pathway known to regulate cellular energy metabolism and inflammation. By modulating microglial polarization and reducing neuroinflammation, isovitexin demonstrates its potential as a natural anti-inflammatory agent with implications for neuroprotection and potentially broader applications in managing inflammatory conditions. However, further research, including clinical studies, is needed to validate these findings and explore the full extent of isovitexin’s anti-inflammatory properties and therapeutic potential.
ISX as an anxiolytic
The article titled “Flavones-bound in benzodiazepine site on GABAA receptor: Concomitant anxiolytic-like and cognitive-enhancing effects produced by Isovitexin and 6-C-glycoside-Diosmetin” by Daniela Rodrigues de Oliveira et al., published in the European Journal of Pharmacology in 2018, provides valuable insights into the anxiolytic (anxiety-reducing) properties of isovitexin (ISX). The study suggests that ISX, a flavonoid found in various plants, including cannabis, exhibits anxiolytic-like effects by binding to the benzodiazepine site on the GABAA receptor. This interaction with the GABAergic system is significant, as it is a key player in regulating anxiety and stress responses in the brain. The research findings indicate that ISX may have the potential to reduce anxiety-like behaviors in animal models, suggesting its anxiolytic properties. Furthermore, the study suggests that ISX might also enhance cognitive function. While this research is promising, further studies are needed, particularly clinical trials in humans, to fully assess the efficacy and safety of ISX as an anxiolytic agent. Nonetheless, these findings offer exciting prospects for the use of ISX in addressing anxiety-related conditions.
Background info
Can Flavin A (CFA) is a flavonoid compound found in cannabis, a plant known for its diverse chemical composition, including cannabinoids, terpenes, and flavonoids. Flavonoids are natural polyphenolic compounds that contribute to the color, flavor, and potential health benefits of plants. In cannabis, flavonoids like CFA are part of the complex chemical profile of the plant, often working synergistically with cannabinoids and terpenes to produce various effects. While cannabis is most commonly associated with cannabinoids like THC and CBD, flavonoids like CFA have gained attention for their potential therapeutic properties, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. However, the specific actions and potential medical applications of CFA in the context of cannabis are still areas of ongoing research, and more studies are needed to fully understand its effects and explore its potential benefits.
CFA as anti-inflammatory
The article titled “Cannflavins – From plant to patient: A scoping review” by Simon Erridge et al., published in Fitoterapia in 2020, offers insights into the potential anti-inflammatory properties of Cannflavin A (CFA). Cannflavins are a group of flavonoids found primarily in cannabis, and CFA is one of the notable compounds within this group. The study suggests that CFA exhibits anti-inflammatory properties, which may be attributed to its chemical structure and its interaction with various molecular pathways involved in inflammation. Flavonoids, including CFA, are known for their ability to modulate inflammatory responses by inhibiting pro-inflammatory enzymes and cytokines. These findings suggest that CFA has the potential to be developed as a natural anti-inflammatory agent, which could have implications for the treatment of inflammatory conditions and diseases. However, further research and clinical studies are needed to fully understand CFA’s mechanisms of action, safety profile, and its therapeutic potential in humans.
Background info
Orientin (ORT) is a flavonoid compound found in various plants, including cannabis. Flavonoids are a class of naturally occurring polyphenolic compounds known for their potential health benefits. In the context of cannabis, orientin is one of several flavonoids present in the plant, contributing to its chemical composition. While cannabis is primarily associated with cannabinoids like THC and CBD, flavonoids like orientin have gained attention for their potential therapeutic properties. Orientin is recognized for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, suggesting its potential role in protecting cells and tissues from oxidative stress and inflammation, both of which are implicated in various chronic diseases. However, the specific actions and potential medical applications of orientin in the context of cannabis are still areas of ongoing research, and more studies are needed to fully understand its effects and explore its potential benefits.
ORT as anti-inflammatory
The study by Xiao et al. titled “Orientin ameliorates LPS-induced inflammatory responses through the inhibition of the NF-κB pathway and NLRP3 inflammasome,” published in Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine in 2017, highlights the anti-inflammatory properties of orientin. The research findings suggest that orientin, a flavonoid compound found in various plants, possesses significant anti-inflammatory capabilities. It achieves this by inhibiting the activation of the NF-κB pathway, a key regulator of pro-inflammatory genes, and the NLRP3 inflammasome, a multiprotein complex involved in the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. By modulating these inflammatory pathways, orientin effectively reduces the production of inflammatory molecules and attenuates the inflammatory response triggered by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a bacterial endotoxin. The research in “Orientin relieves lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury in mice: The involvement of its anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties” by Qingfei Xiao et al., published in the International Immunopharmacology in 2021, also focuses on the potential therapeutic role of orientin in mitigating acute lung injury induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in mice. The study demonstrates that orientin effectively reduces inflammation and oxidative stress in the lung tissues of the mice. Orientin achieves this by suppressing the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and modulating antioxidant enzymes. These findings underline orientin’s capacity to alleviate inflammatory responses and oxidative damage, highlighting its potential as a natural anti-inflammatory agent. These findings underscore the potential of orientin as a natural anti-inflammatory agent and support its exploration as a therapeutic option for various inflammatory conditions. However, further research, including clinical studies, is necessary to evaluate its efficacy and safety in human applications.
ORT as antioxidant
The article titled “Antioxidant potential of orientin: A combined experimental and DFT approach” by R. Praveena et al., published in the Journal of Molecular Structure in 2014, provides insights into the antioxidant properties of orientin. Orientin is a flavonoid known for its potential health benefits, and this study explores its antioxidant potential using both experimental and computational approaches. The research findings suggest that orientin exhibits significant antioxidant activity, capable of scavenging free radicals and reducing oxidative stress. This property is attributed to its chemical structure, which includes multiple hydroxyl groups that can neutralize reactive oxygen species. These findings underscore the potential of orientin as a potent natural antioxidant, which may have applications in protecting cells and tissues from oxidative damage, thus potentially contributing to its role in maintaining overall health and preventing oxidative stress-related diseases. However, further research is needed to fully understand its mechanisms of action and practical applications in human health.
ORT for blood glucose regulation
The article titled “In silico and in vitro studies of lupeol and iso-orientin as potential antidiabetic agents in a rat model” by Arif Malik et al., published in Drug Design, Development and Therapy in 2019, investigates the potential role of orientin, particularly iso-orientin, in blood glucose regulation. The study employs in silico and in vitro methods to explore the antidiabetic properties of iso-orientin in a rat model. Iso-orientin is suggested to act as a potential antidiabetic agent by influencing blood glucose levels. It is thought to exert its effects by enhancing insulin sensitivity, which is crucial for glucose uptake by cells, and by promoting glucose metabolism. These findings suggest that iso-orientin may have a role in the management of diabetes by contributing to the regulation of blood glucose levels. However, further research, including clinical studies, is essential to validate its efficacy and safety as a potential treatment for diabetes in humans. Nonetheless, these results highlight iso-orientin’s potential as a natural compound with blood glucose-regulating properties.
ORT as neuroprotective
The article titled “Neuroprotective effects of orientin on hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptosis in SH-SY5Y cells” by Law et al., published in Molecular Medicine Reports in 2014, highlights the neuroprotective properties of orientin. The study investigates how orientin, a flavonoid compound found in various plants, including cannabis, can protect neuronal cells from apoptosis (cellular programmed death) induced by hydrogen peroxide, a potent oxidative stressor. The research findings indicate that orientin exhibits neuroprotective effects by reducing oxidative stress and preventing the activation of apoptotic pathways in SH-SY5Y cells, a commonly used neuronal cell line. These results suggest that orientin may have potential applications in protecting neurons from damage and degeneration, making it a subject of interest in neuroprotection research. Additionally, the study “Neuroprotection of Cyperus esculentus L. orientin against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion induced brain injury” by Jing et al., published in Neural Regeneration Research in 2020, explores how orientin can provide protection to the brain during cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury, a condition where blood flow to the brain is temporarily disrupted and then restored. The research findings suggest that orientin exerts neuroprotection by reducing oxidative stress, suppressing inflammation, and mitigating neuronal damage, ultimately preserving brain function in the face of ischemic insult. However, further studies, including in vivo experiments and clinical trials, would be necessary to validate its neuroprotective efficacy and explore its potential for therapeutic use in neurodegenerative conditions. Nonetheless, these findings emphasize the promising neuroprotective potential of orientin.
Background info
Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV) is a naturally occurring cannabinoid compound found in the Cannabis sativa plant. It shares a similar molecular structure with the more well-known cannabinoid, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), which is responsible for the psychoactive effects of cannabis. However, THCV has distinct effects and properties. It has garnered interest due to its potential therapeutic applications in various medical conditions. THCV’s effects on the endocannabinoid system, which plays a crucial role in regulating various physiological processes, are of particular interest. Additionally, THCV’s potential to affect insulin sensitivity, glucose regulation, and lipid metabolism has sparked attention in the context of metabolic disorders like obesity and diabetes. While THCV’s mechanisms and effects are still being explored, its distinct properties and potential therapeutic benefits make it an intriguing subject of scientific investigation.
Background info
Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV) is a naturally occurring cannabinoid compound found in the Cannabis sativa plant. It shares a similar molecular structure with the more well-known cannabinoid, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), which is responsible for the psychoactive effects of cannabis. However, THCV has distinct effects and properties. It has garnered interest due to its potential therapeutic applications in various medical conditions. THCV’s effects on the endocannabinoid system, which plays a crucial role in regulating various physiological processes, are of particular interest. Additionally, THCV’s potential to affect insulin sensitivity, glucose regulation, and lipid metabolism has sparked attention in the context of metabolic disorders like obesity and diabetes. While THCV’s mechanisms and effects are still being explored, its distinct properties and potential therapeutic benefits make it an intriguing subject of scientific investigation.
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